{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:53:16Z","timestamp":1775177596180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ongoing surveillance of tick populations is critical for informing the health of humans, livestock, and companion animals. From 2004 to 2019 in the USA and its territories, the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data show a 2.1-fold increase in all reportable notifiable tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in humans. Eight tick-borne zoonotic pathogens and 1 syndrome were described for the first time in the USA between 2004 and 2024. In Missouri, 33 counties were surveyed over a 2-year period (2019 and 2021). More than 3,811 ticks were collected during the study: 89.0%\n                    <jats:italic>Amblyomma americanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 10.9%\n                    <jats:italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , &lt;0.1%\n                    <jats:italic>Amblyomma maculatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , &lt;0.1%\n                    <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis longicornus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and &lt;0.1%\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Significantly greater tick density was found in metropolitan areas as compared to rural counties (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012). Of the 2 level I ecoregions in Missouri, the Eastern Temperate Forest (ETF) had a significantly greater tick density (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0045). Even so,\n                    <jats:italic>D. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    had significantly higher density in the Great Plains ecoregion than in ETF (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.031). Ozark Highlands had the highest tick density of the 5 level III ecoregions surveyed (5.12 ticks\/100 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). A moderate, positive correlation between a county\u2019s density of\n                    <jats:italic>A. americanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs and its quadrennial tick-borne disease rate was observed (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.68,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002). Our study adds new data on established and reported tick populations for 13 counties and examines the relationships of tick density to TBDs and to area designation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/25-7276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:59:08Z","timestamp":1773449948000},"page":"77-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MULTI-COUNTY TICK SURVEY (ACARI: IXODIDAE) IN MISSOURI USA, 2019 AND 2021"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Norton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samniqueka J.","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendall","family":"Mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"Calvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra D.","family":"Pauling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Claborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McQueary College of Health and Human Services, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897"},{"name":"Joint senior author"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda T.","family":"Beerntsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211"},{"name":"Joint senior author"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref81","series-title":"History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark","author":"Allen","year":"1814","unstructured":"Allen P, ed. 1814. 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Parasit Vectors 13:576."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref89","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Ecological modeling over seven years to describe the number of host-seeking Amblyomma americanum in each life stage in northeast Missouri","volume":"43","author":"Mangan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mangan MJ,\nFor\u00e9 SA,\nKim HJ. 2018. Ecological modeling over seven years to describe the number of host-seeking Amblyomma americanum in each life stage in northeast Missouri. J Vector Ecol 43:271\u2013284."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref90","series-title":"Arch Dermatol","first-page":"955","article-title":"Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following Lone Star tick bites","volume":"134","author":"Masters","year":"1998","unstructured":"Masters E,\nGranter S,\nDuray P,\nCordes P. 1998. Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following Lone Star tick bites. Arch Dermatol 134:955\u2013960."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref42","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"834","article-title":"A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri","volume":"367","author":"McMullan","year":"2012","unstructured":"McMullan LK,\nFolk SM,\nKelly AJ,\nMacNeil A,\nGoldsmith CS,\nMetcalfe MG,\nBatten BC,\nAlbari\u00f1o CG,\nZaki SR,\nRollin PE,\nNicholson WL,\nNichol ST. 2012. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N Engl J Med 367:834\u2013841."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref43","article-title":"ALHT and Theileria in Missouri [Internet]","author":"MDA [Missouri Department of Agriculture]","year":"2024","unstructured":"MDA [Missouri Department of Agriculture]. 2024. ALHT and Theileria in Missouri [Internet]. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Agriculture Animal Health Division [accessed November 14, 2025]. 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The effect of changes in agricultural practices on the density of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. Vet Parasitol 211:259\u2013265."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref47","article-title":"Missouri county population change 2010 to 2020 numeric and percent change [Internet]","author":"MOA [Missouri Office of Administration]","year":"2021","unstructured":"MOA [Missouri Office of Administration]. 2021. Missouri county population change 2010 to 2020 numeric and percent change [Internet]. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Office of Administration\u2010Division of Budget and Planning. [accessed March 31, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/oa.mo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/MoCoPop20010-2020.pdf"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref85","series-title":"The Lewis and Clark Expedition day-by-day","author":"Moulton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moulton GE. 2018. The Lewis and Clark Expedition day-by-day. Lincoln NE: Univ. of Nebraska Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref48","series-title":"Ecosphere","first-page":"e4369","article-title":"Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior","volume":"14","author":"Nielebeck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nielebeck C,\nKim SH,\nPepe A,\nHimes L,\nMiller Z,\nZummo S,\nTang M,\nMonz\u00f3n JD. 2023. Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior. Ecosphere 14(1):e4369."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref49","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1579","article-title":"Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, Missouri","volume":"9","author":"Olano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olano JP,\nMasters E,\nHogrefe W,\nWalker DH. 2003. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, Missouri. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1579\u20131586."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref50","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"805","article-title":"Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Paddock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paddock CD,\nSumner JW,\nComer JA,\nZaki SR,\nGoldsmith CS,\nGoddard J,\nMcLellan SL,\nTamminga CL,\nOhl CA. 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38:805\u2013811."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref51","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"427","article-title":"A quantitative comparison of two sample methods for collecting Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri","volume":"52","author":"Petry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petry WK,\nFor\u00e9 SA,\nFielden LJ,\nKim HJ. 2010. A quantitative comparison of two sample methods for collecting Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri. Exp Appl Acarol 52:427\u2013438."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref52","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)","volume":"7","author":"Piesman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Piesman J. 1989. Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi). Exp Appl Acarol 7:71\u201380."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref53","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"742","article-title":"Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks","volume":"29","author":"Piesman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Piesman J,\nSpielman A. 1980. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29:742\u2013746."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref88","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Documentation of the Expansion of the Gulf Coast Tick (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri: First Report in Illinois","volume":"106","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phillips VC,\nZieman EA,\nKim CH,\nStone CM,\nTuten HC,\nJim\u00e9nez FA. 2020. Documentation of the Expansion of the Gulf Coast Tick (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri: First Report in Illinois. J Parasitol 106:9\u201313."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref54","series-title":"Pictorial keys to arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals of public health significance","author":"Pratt","year":"1967","unstructured":"Pratt HD, US HEW [US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]. 1967. Pictorial keys to arthropods, reptiles, birds and mammals of public health significance. 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Lancet Infect Dis 16:556\u2013564."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref56","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"422","article-title":"Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009","volume":"365","author":"Pritt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pritt BS,\nSloan LM,\nJohnson DK,\nMunderloh UG,\nPaskewitz SM,\nMcElroy KM,\nMcFadden JD,\nBinnicker MJ,\nNeitzel DF,\nLiu G,\nNicholson WL,\nNelson CM,\nFranson JJ,\nMartin SA,\nCunningham SA,\nSteward CR,\nBogumill K,\nBjorgaard ME,\nDavis JP,\nMcQuiston JH,\nWarshauer DM,\nWilhelm MP,\nPatel R,\nTrivedi VA,\nEremeeva ME. 2011. Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009. N Engl J Med 365:422\u2013429."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref57","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e0259769","article-title":"Unexpected winter questing activity of ticks in the central midwestern United States","volume":"16","author":"Raghavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raghavan RK,\nKoestel ZL,\nBoorgula G,\nHroobi A,\nGanta R,\nHarrington J Jr,\nGoodin D,\nStich RW,\nAnderson G. 2021. Unexpected winter questing activity of ticks in the central midwestern United States. PLoS ONE 16:e0259769."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref58","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"139","article-title":"The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reeves WK,\nLoftis AD,\nNicholson WL,\nCzarkowski AG. 2008. The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2:139."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref59","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"296","article-title":"First record of the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in Missouri","volume":"37","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts L,\nBrauer B,\nNicholson WL,\nAyres BN,\nThompson KR,\nClaborn DM. 2021. First record of the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in Missouri. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 37:296\u2013297."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref60","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"641","article-title":"Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks","volume":"59","author":"Roland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roland WE,\nEverett ED,\nCyr TL,\nHasan SZ,\nDommaraju CB,\nMcDonald GA. 1998. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:641\u2013643."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref61","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"496","article-title":"Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases\u2014United States and territories, 2004\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenberg R,\nLindsey NP,\nFischer M,\nGregory CJ,\nHinckley AF,\nMead PS,\nPaz-Bailey G,\nWaterman SH,\nDrexler NA,\nKersh GJ,\nHooks H,\nPartridge SK,\nVisser SN,\nBeard CB,\nPetersen LR. 2018. Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases\u2014United States and territories, 2004\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67:496\u2013501."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref62","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"531","article-title":"An outbreak of human tularemia associated with the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis","volume":"15","author":"Saliba","year":"1966","unstructured":"Saliba GS,\nHarmston FC,\nDiamond BE,\nZymet CL,\nGoldenberg MI,\nChin TD. 1966. An outbreak of human tularemia associated with the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15:531\u2013538."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref63","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Bourbon virus in field-collected ticks, Missouri, USA","volume":"23","author":"Savage","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savage HM,\nBurkhalter KL,\nGodsey MS Jr,\nPanella NA,\nAshley DC,\nNicholson WL,\nLambert AJ. 2017. Bourbon virus in field-collected ticks, Missouri, USA. 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Am J Trop Med Hyg 89:445\u2013452."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref65","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"607","article-title":"Surveillance for Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) in Missouri during 2013: first detection of virus in adults of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"53","author":"Savage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Savage HM,\nGodsey MS Jr,\nPanella NA,\nBurkhalter KL,\nAshley DC,\nLash RR,\nRamsay B,\nPatterson T,\nNicholson WL. 2016. Surveillance for Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) in Missouri during 2013: first detection of virus in adults of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 53:607\u2013612."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref66","series-title":"J Kans Entomol Soc","first-page":"512","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic bacteria among adult ticks collected in conservation areas and private lands of Adair County, Missouri","volume":"92","author":"Sempertegui-Sosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sempertegui-Sosa CD,\nSchrier J,\nRomine DJ,\nConnally ME. 2019. Detection of pathogenic bacteria among adult ticks collected in conservation areas and private lands of Adair County, Missouri. J Kans Entomol Soc 92:512\u2013525."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref67","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"541","article-title":"Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California","volume":"50","author":"Shapiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro MR,\nFritz CL,\nTait K,\nPaddock CD,\nNicholson WL,\nAbramowicz KF,\nKarpathy SE,\nDasch GA,\nSumner JW,\nAdem PV,\nScott JJ,\nPadgett KA,\nZaki SR,\nEremeeva ME. 2010. Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin Infect Dis 50:541\u2013548."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref68","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"342","article-title":"Spatial distribution of counties in the continental United States with records of occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae)","volume":"51","author":"Springer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Springer YP,\nEisen L,\nBeati L,\nJames AM,\nEisen RJ. 2014. Spatial distribution of counties in the continental United States with records of occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 51:342\u2013351."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref91","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"53","article-title":"Infection rates of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in southwest Missouri","volume":"2","author":"Steiert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steiert JG,\nGilfoy F. 2002. Infection rates of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in southwest Missouri. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2:53\u201360."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref69","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3595","article-title":"Experimental infection of white-tailed deer with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis","volume":"43","author":"Tate","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tate CM,\nMead DG,\nLuttrell MP,\nHowerth EW,\nDugan VG,\nMunderloh UG,\nDavidson WR. 2005. Experimental infection of white-tailed deer with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 43:3595\u20133601."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref70","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"165","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997","unstructured":"Telford SR III,\nArmstrong PM,\nKatavolos P,\nFoppa I,\nGarcia AS,\nWilson ML,\nSpielman A. 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg Infect Dis 3:165\u2013170."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref71","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"6209","article-title":"Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle","volume":"93","author":"Telford","year":"1996","unstructured":"Telford SR III,\nDawson JE,\nKatavolos P,\nWarner CK,\nKolbert CP,\nPersing DH. 1996. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. 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Warrensburg MO: Central Missouri State University, 96 p."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref81","series-title":"History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark","author":"Allen","year":"1814","unstructured":"Allen P, ed. 1814. History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref01","series-title":"Peer J","first-page":"e13279","article-title":"Climate change influences on the geographic distributional potential of the spotted fever vectors Amblyomma maculatum and Dermacentor andersoni","volume":"10","author":"Alkishe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alkishe A,\nPeterson AT. 2022. Climate change influences on the geographic distributional potential of the spotted fever vectors Amblyomma maculatum and Dermacentor andersoni. Peer J 10:e13279."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref02","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"239","article-title":"Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anderson BE,\nSims KG,\nOlson JG,\nChilds JE,\nPiesman JF,\nHapp CM,\nMaupin GO,\nJohnson BJ. 1993. Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:239\u2013244."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref03","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"e123","article-title":"Seasonality and trends in incidence of human ehrlichiosis in two Missouri ecoregions","volume":"147","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrews KE,\nEversman KK,\nFor\u00e9 SA,\nKim HJ. 2019. Seasonality and trends in incidence of human ehrlichiosis in two Missouri ecoregions. 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Arch Dermatol 134:955\u2013960."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref42","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"834","article-title":"A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri","volume":"367","author":"McMullan","year":"2012","unstructured":"McMullan LK,\nFolk SM,\nKelly AJ,\nMacNeil A,\nGoldsmith CS,\nMetcalfe MG,\nBatten BC,\nAlbari\u00f1o CG,\nZaki SR,\nRollin PE,\nNicholson WL,\nNichol ST. 2012. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N Engl J Med 367:834\u2013841."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref43","article-title":"ALHT and Theileria in Missouri [Internet]","author":"MDA [Missouri Department of Agriculture]","year":"2024","unstructured":"MDA [Missouri Department of Agriculture]. 2024. ALHT and Theileria in Missouri [Internet]. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Agriculture Animal Health Division [accessed November 14, 2025]. 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The effect of changes in agricultural practices on the density of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. Vet Parasitol 211:259\u2013265."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref47","article-title":"Missouri county population change 2010 to 2020 numeric and percent change [Internet]","author":"MOA [Missouri Office of Administration]","year":"2021","unstructured":"MOA [Missouri Office of Administration]. 2021. Missouri county population change 2010 to 2020 numeric and percent change [Internet]. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Office of Administration\u2010Division of Budget and Planning. [accessed March 31, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/oa.mo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/MoCoPop20010-2020.pdf"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref85","series-title":"The Lewis and Clark Expedition day-by-day","author":"Moulton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moulton GE. 2018. The Lewis and Clark Expedition day-by-day. Lincoln NE: Univ. of Nebraska Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref48","series-title":"Ecosphere","first-page":"e4369","article-title":"Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior","volume":"14","author":"Nielebeck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nielebeck C,\nKim SH,\nPepe A,\nHimes L,\nMiller Z,\nZummo S,\nTang M,\nMonz\u00f3n JD. 2023. Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior. Ecosphere 14(1):e4369."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref49","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1579","article-title":"Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, Missouri","volume":"9","author":"Olano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olano JP,\nMasters E,\nHogrefe W,\nWalker DH. 2003. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, Missouri. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1579\u20131586."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref50","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"805","article-title":"Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Paddock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paddock CD,\nSumner JW,\nComer JA,\nZaki SR,\nGoldsmith CS,\nGoddard J,\nMcLellan SL,\nTamminga CL,\nOhl CA. 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38:805\u2013811."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref51","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"427","article-title":"A quantitative comparison of two sample methods for collecting Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri","volume":"52","author":"Petry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petry WK,\nFor\u00e9 SA,\nFielden LJ,\nKim HJ. 2010. A quantitative comparison of two sample methods for collecting Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri. Exp Appl Acarol 52:427\u2013438."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref52","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)","volume":"7","author":"Piesman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Piesman J. 1989. Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi). Exp Appl Acarol 7:71\u201380."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref53","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"742","article-title":"Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks","volume":"29","author":"Piesman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Piesman J,\nSpielman A. 1980. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. 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N Engl J Med 365:422\u2013429."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref57","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e0259769","article-title":"Unexpected winter questing activity of ticks in the central midwestern United States","volume":"16","author":"Raghavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raghavan RK,\nKoestel ZL,\nBoorgula G,\nHroobi A,\nGanta R,\nHarrington J Jr,\nGoodin D,\nStich RW,\nAnderson G. 2021. Unexpected winter questing activity of ticks in the central midwestern United States. PLoS ONE 16:e0259769."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref58","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"139","article-title":"The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reeves WK,\nLoftis AD,\nNicholson WL,\nCzarkowski AG. 2008. The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2:139."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref59","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"296","article-title":"First record of the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in Missouri","volume":"37","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts L,\nBrauer B,\nNicholson WL,\nAyres BN,\nThompson KR,\nClaborn DM. 2021. First record of the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in Missouri. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 37:296\u2013297."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref60","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"641","article-title":"Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks","volume":"59","author":"Roland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roland WE,\nEverett ED,\nCyr TL,\nHasan SZ,\nDommaraju CB,\nMcDonald GA. 1998. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. 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Emerg Infect Dis 23:2017\u20132022."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref64","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"445","article-title":"First detection of Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods","volume":"89","author":"Savage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Savage HM,\nGodsey MS Jr,\nLambert A,\nPanella NA,\nBurkhalter KL,\nHarmon JR,\nLash RR,\nAshley DC,\nNicholson WL. 2013. First detection of Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89:445\u2013452."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref65","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"607","article-title":"Surveillance for Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) in Missouri during 2013: first detection of virus in adults of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"53","author":"Savage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Savage HM,\nGodsey MS Jr,\nPanella NA,\nBurkhalter KL,\nAshley DC,\nLash RR,\nRamsay B,\nPatterson T,\nNicholson WL. 2016. Surveillance for Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) in Missouri during 2013: first detection of virus in adults of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). 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Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin Infect Dis 50:541\u2013548."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref68","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"342","article-title":"Spatial distribution of counties in the continental United States with records of occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae)","volume":"51","author":"Springer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Springer YP,\nEisen L,\nBeati L,\nJames AM,\nEisen RJ. 2014. Spatial distribution of counties in the continental United States with records of occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 51:342\u2013351."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-77-ref91","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"53","article-title":"Infection rates of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in southwest Missouri","volume":"2","author":"Steiert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steiert JG,\nGilfoy F. 2002. 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Warrensburg MO: Central Missouri State University, 96 p."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/42\/1\/article-p77.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/42\/1\/article-p77.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/42\/1\/article-p77.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:31:18Z","timestamp":1775176278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/42\/1\/article-p77.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2987\/25-7276","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-6270","8756-971X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-6270","type":"electronic"},{"value":"8756-971X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}