{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:38:03Z","timestamp":1762079883547,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Korean Neuropsychiatric Association","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Clinical Research Coordinating Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI19C0481","HC19C0316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI19C0481","HC19C0316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psychiatryinvestigation.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective This study was conducted to identify factors related to loneliness during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and focused on how the fear of COVID-19 infection affects loneliness and the conditional effect of gratitude as a moderator in the relationship among the fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and loneliness.Methods For the analysis of this study, a survey was conducted among 1,500 individuals aged 19 to 69 years living in three metropolitan areas in South Korea. Questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychological experience and stress associated with COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale\u20137, UCLA Loneliness Scale\u20133, and Gratitude Questionnaire\u20136. An analysis was conducted by applying SPSS PROCESS macro models 4 and 7.Results First, anxiety mediated the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 infection and loneliness. Second, the effect of the fear of COVID-19 infection on loneliness through anxiety was moderated by gratitude. The higher the gratitude, the more the fear of COVID-19 infection is buffered in the path to anxiety, and the lower the indirect effect on loneliness.Conclusion This suggests that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions for psychological problems such as anxiety and loneliness can be carried out through gratitude, a significant protective variable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2023.0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T23:40:11Z","timestamp":1695166811000},"page":"870-879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Anxiety on Loneliness: Moderated Mediation Effects of 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