{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:45:26Z","timestamp":1790603126497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Neuropsychiatric Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1I1A2A01058746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1I1A2A01058746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psychiatryinvestigation.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective This study aimed to explore the relationship between suicidal ideation and specific trauma and social discrimination among North Korean defectors.Methods A total of 448 North Korean defectors were recruited from online and offline communities and counseling centers. Participants provided sociodemographic and psychiatric history information via an online survey. Various assessment tools, including the Traumatic Event Checklist for North Korean Defectors, International Trauma Questionnaire, Experiences of Discrimination Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale (short-form), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF), were employed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between suicidal ideation and different types of trauma and discrimination.Results Among participants, 38.4% reported experiencing suicidal ideation. The most prevalent trauma was \u201cunwanted separation from spouse, parent, or sibling\u201d (69.4%), and the primary form of discrimination was \u201cunfairness during employment\u201d (35.7%). After adjusting for relevant variables, experiencing \u201cextreme life-threatening hardship,\u201d \u201cunwanted separation from a child,\u201d and \u201cdiscrimination in income\u201d significantly increased the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Importantly, unlike other refugee groups, interpersonal violence like torture or sexual abuse did not significantly contribute to suicidal ideation in this population. These findings highlight the unique vulnerabilities of North Korean defectors and suggest that income-related discrimination, unwanted separation from children, and life-threatening hardships are critical factors influencing suicidal ideation. Limitations such as recall biases and the cross-sectional nature of the data should be acknowledged.Conclusion This study underscores the need for tailored psychiatric support for North Korean defectors, recognizing their distinctive needs compared to other refugee populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2023.0351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T23:56:13Z","timestamp":1731974173000},"page":"1203-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relationship Between Trauma, Discrimination, and Suicidal Ideation Among North Korean Defectors"],"prefix":"10.30773","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-2066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyungho","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-456X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiwon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-6092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hokon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-9650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ocksim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-5599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Hui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0578-2510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Young-Chul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12228","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-017-0157-z"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aap0000190"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"","author":"Bhugra","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.3.179"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12742"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539516660192"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/apr.2007.0023"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"141","volume-title":"[A study on the prevalence and the influencing factors of the mental health problems among recent migrant North Koreans: a focus on 2007 entrants]","author":"Kim","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.11.08.3"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520935314"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010574"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2012.06.001"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110903478997"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091532"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03844-z"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22549"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0000000000000516"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006x.76.2.184"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0723-0"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.029"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018799"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9688-9"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ijpr.v11i2.269"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4040\/jnas.1997.27.4.871"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"571","volume-title":"[Development of Korean version of WHO quality of life scale abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF)]","author":"Min","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"693","volume-title":"[Validation and development of a post-traumatic stress symptom scale for dislocated North Koreans in South Korea]","author":"Yoon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032872"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9010049"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.4.231"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":""},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21185\/jhu.2017.06.70.35"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryinvestigation.org\/upload\/pdf\/pi-2023-0351.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryinvestigation.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.30773\/pi.2023.0351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryinvestigation.org\/upload\/pdf\/pi-2023-0351.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1732594040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/psychiatryinvestigation.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.30773\/pi.2023.0351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/pi.2023.0351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1976-3026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1976-3026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}