{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T07:27:36Z","timestamp":1786606056567,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Korean Neuropsychiatric Association","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1I1A2A01058746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1I1A2A01058746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00451984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00451984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00341793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00341793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020623","name":"Yonsei University College of Nursing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020623","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psychiatryinvestigation.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective This study aimed to develop and validate a trauma checklist specifically designed to capture the complex and culturally unique potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced by North Korean defectors (NKDs), in alignment with International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision criteria that distinguish posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from complex PTSD (cPTSD).Methods A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted using online survey data from 520 NKDs. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (n=260 each) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A preliminary 22-item PTE checklist was refined through factor analysis and reliability testing. Criterion validity was assessed using the Depression and Somatic Symptom Scale and World Health Organization of Life Assessment Instrument Bref. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0.Results EFA identified a four-factor model: \u201cdeath and life-threatening events,\u201d \u201cinterpersonal violence and discrimination,\u201d \u201cviolence by public authorities,\u201d and \u201cfamily dissolution\u201d\u2014comprising 17 refined items. CFA confirmed a good model fit (RMSEA=0.059, GFI=0.930, CFI=0.930). Internal consistency for the total scale was high (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1=0.830), with acceptable reliability across most subscales. The checklist demonstrated strong criterion validity with depression, somatic symptoms, and quality of life indices.Conclusion The revised PTEs checklist is a valid and reliable screening tool that reflects NKDs\u2019 unique trauma experiences across the pre-, peri-, and post-migration phases. Its combined use with the International Trauma Questionnaire is recommended for comprehensive trauma assessment and tailored intervention planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2025.0149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:55:31Z","timestamp":1785887731000},"page":"1005-1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Traumatic Event Checklist for North Korean Defectors"],"prefix":"10.30773","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-7758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyoung-A","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Suwon Women\u2019s University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-6092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hokon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-9650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"OckSim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-6057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Woo Taek","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-5599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Hui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12228","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.43","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640211057720","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1839889","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-01066-x","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22342","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17315\/kjhp.2014.19.4.006","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1003","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"[Difference on complex PTSD and PTSD symptoms according to types of traumatic events in North Korean refugees]","author":"Kim","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0742-5","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.4.407","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"693","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"[Validation and development of a posttraumatic stress symptom scale for dislocated North Koreans in South Korea]","author":"Yoon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"37","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"[Influence of posttraumatic stress on the mental health among adolescents of North Korean refugees]","author":"Son","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2022.2119012","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01585.x","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"9","type":"journal-article","volume-title":"[Reliability and validity of Korean version of depression and somatic symptom scale(DSSS)]","author":"Kim","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1016351406336","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(98)00222-0","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"","author":"Hair","year":"1998","type":"book"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"","author":"Van de Ven","year":"1980","type":"book"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0103-863x2012000300014","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2018.10.003","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"","author":"Park","year":"2022","type":"book"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.06.006","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry 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