{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:25:02Z","timestamp":1790799902187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Korean Neuropsychiatric Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psychiatryinvestigation.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective Interleukin (IL)-40 is a recently identified cytokine implicated in inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence links anxiety disorders to heightened inflammation. This study aimed to investigate IL-40 levels and oxidative stress in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Methods Fourty-four patients with GAD and 44 healthy controls were recruited for this study. All patients were assessed for severity of anxiety symptoms using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A).Results The serum IL-40 levels were observed to be elevated in patients diagnosed with GAD in comparison to healthy controls (p&lt;0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between IL-40 and HAM-A scores (r=0.329, p=0.029). IL-40 demonstrated predictive value in receiver operating characteristic analysis, with an area under the curve value of 0.871 (p=0.001). The levels of native thiol and total thiol were found to be significantly lower, while the levels of disulfide were significantly higher in comparison to the control group (p&lt;0.001, p=0.001, p=0.027, respectively). However, IL-40 levels showed no significant correlation with oxidative stress markers, including native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels.Conclusion This is the first study to explore the potential relationship between IL-40 and the pathophysiology of GAD. The observed elevation in IL-40 levels may reflect a possible immune regulatory imbalance in GAD. While these findings suggest that IL-40 could be a candidate biomarker for further investigation, their clinical utility for diagnosis or monitoring remains speculative. Additional large-scale and longitudinal studies are required to confirm these preliminary observations and to better understand the immunological aspects of GAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2025.0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T04:24:22Z","timestamp":1759379062000},"page":"1217-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interleukin-40 and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder"],"prefix":"10.30773","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-3868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00dclker At\u0131lan","family":"Fedai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4686-8214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S\u0131d\u0131ka 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