{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:04:40Z","timestamp":1784192680694,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Korean Neuropsychiatric Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psychiatryinvestigation.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Investig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective To identify temperament-based subtypes and psychopathological profiles among court-referred juvenile offenders to inform individualized assessment and intervention strategies.Methods Seventy-two offenders were assessed using junior temperament and character inventory (JTCI) (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence). Subtypes were identified via two-step cluster analysis and compared using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory\u2013Adolescent\u2013Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF) scores.Results Three stable subgroups emerged: relationship-dependent conformist (Cluster 1; 25.0%), isolated internalizing risk (Cluster 2; 38.9%), and impulsive externalizing risk (Cluster 3; 36.1%). Cluster 1 showed minimal psychopathology. Clusters 2 and 3 both exhibited elevated psychopathology relative to Cluster 1, including comparable elevations in thought dysfunction and ideas of persecution. However, the two high-risk clusters differed in their relative profiles: Cluster 2 showed higher social withdrawal (elevated introversion\/low positive emotionality), whereas Cluster 3 demonstrated relatively greater behavioral disinhibition, reflected in elevated behavioral\/externalizing dysfunction, antisocial behavior, and disconstraint.Conclusion Temperament-based subtyping reveals clinically meaningful heterogeneity even among offenders with similar levels of distress. Integrating JTCI and MMPI-A-RF enhances assessment precision and supports tailored forensic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2025.0363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:03:32Z","timestamp":1783645412000},"page":"945-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temperament Subtypes and Psychopathology Among Clinically Referred Juvenile Offenders"],"prefix":"10.30773","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4313-415X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryuyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5638-6350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong-Sil","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of 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