{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:12:12Z","timestamp":1788567132325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Partners in Digital Health","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BHTY"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The authors evaluated how quantum computing threatens the cryptographic primitives used in Bitcoin and other blockchain systems. These findings were translated into a standards-aligned post-quantum migration profile for healthcare ledgers, including consent, identity, provenance, audit, and encrypted off-chain data exchange.\nMethodology: Narrative analysis, theoretical security analysis, and healthcare-oriented deployment mapping of classical public-key and hash primitives used in blockchain protocols were paired with an implementation-oriented migration profile based on finalized National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) post-quantum standards. We summarize the mathematical assumptions underlying Rivest\u2013Shamir\u2013Adleman (RSA), Elliptic Curve Cryptography\/Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECC)\/ECDSA, and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-2\/SHA-3-family) hash functions; analyze their susceptibility to Shor\u2019s and Gro\u00adver\u2019s quantum algorithms; compare Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 203 Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (ML-KEM), FIPS 204 Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (ML-DSA), and FIPS 205 Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard (SLH-DSA); and map their distinct roles to healthcare-ledger authorization, auditability, identity, and encrypted off-chain exchange. The term Advanced Hybrid Module-LWE &amp; Code-Based (AHMC) is used only as shorthand for a standards-aligned hybrid PQC migration profile and does not denote a proprietary product, a novel algorithm, or a new cryptographic primitive. Proposed adoption of hybrid, quan\u00adtum-resistant cryptographic primitives for cryptocurrency wallets, transaction signatures, and ledger security during an interim migration period (hybrid classical + PQC, followed by PQC-only). Qualitative and implementation-oriented assessment of (1) break feasibility of RSA\/ECC under Shor\u2019s algorithm, (2) effective security reduction for hash functions under Grover\u2019s algorithm, (3) security assumptions and composition requirements of a standards-aligned hybrid migration profile, (4) transaction-size and verification-cost impact, and (5) healthcare-specific implications for long-retention consent, identity, provenance, and audit records.\nResults: Shor\u2019s algorithm reduces integer factorization and discrete logarithms to polynomial time, directly compromising RSA and ECC\/ECDSA once fault-tolerant, large-scale quantum computers exist. Grover\u2019s algorithm yields a quadratic speedup for brute-force search, effectively halving the security margin of symmetric keys and hash functions at fixed output sizes. The AHMC-L1\/L3\/L5 profiles use ML-KEM-512\/768\/1024 for key establishment and ML-DSA-44\/65\/87 for transaction authentication, with SLH-DSA as a hash-based fallback. During a hybrid ECDSA+PQC migration, verification requires one classical and one PQC verification per authorization; transaction-size overhead is dominated by PQC signatures, approximately 2.4 KB for ML-DSA-44, 3.3 KB for ML-DSA-65, and 4.6 KB for ML-DSA-87 before script and encoding overhead. For healthcare ledgers, these findings support selective use of post-quantum signatures for:\n\nhigh-value state transitions,\none-time public-key registration where possible, and\ncontinued off-chain storage of protected health information.\n\nDeployment suitability remains contingent on workflow-specific latency, storage, availability, key lifecycle, and side-channel testing.\nConclusions: Quantum risk to blockchain signatures has direct implications for healthcare systems that depend on long-lived consent, identity, provenance, and audit records. A staged, standards-aligned migration profile can preserve authorization and ledger verifiability while keeping protected health information off-chain. The AHMC label refers only to this migration profile, not to a new cryptographic primitive; healthcare adoption requires open implementations, empirical benchmarking, crypto-agile key governance, and side-channel-resistant engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.30953\/bhty.v9.496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:12:30Z","timestamp":1788217950000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantum Threats To Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency and Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.30953","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rubayat","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazharul","family":"Karim, PhD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don","family":"Roosan, PharmD, PhD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15189","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"container-title":["Blockchain in Healthcare Today"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/496\/1084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/496\/1085","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/496\/1082","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/496\/1083","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/496\/1084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:14:20Z","timestamp":1788563660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.blockchainhealthcaretoday.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30953\/bhty.v9.496","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-8240"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-8240","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}