{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:03:16Z","timestamp":1784170996885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"American Educational Research Association (AERA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]],"date-time":"1995-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":809913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Review of Educational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a pivot upon which students\u2019 achievement turns. We explain how feedback is inherent in and a prime determiner of processes that constitute SRL, and review areas of research that elaborate contemporary models of how feedback functions in learning. Specifically, we begin by synthesizing a model of self-regulation based on contemporary educational and psychological literatures. Then we use that model as a structure for analyzing the cognitive processes involved in self-regulation, and for interpreting and integrating findings from disparate research traditions. We propose an elaborated model of SRL that can embrace these research findings and that spotlights the cognitive operation of monitoring as the hub of self-regulated cognitive engagement. The model is then used to reexamine (a) recent research on how feedback affects cognitive engagement with tasks and (b) the relation among forms of engagement and achievement. We conclude with a proposal that research on feedback and research on self-regulated learning should be tightly coupled, and that the facets of our model should be explicitly addressed in future research in both areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543065003245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,7]],"date-time":"2008-03-07T13:37:03Z","timestamp":1204897023000},"page":"245-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1964,"title":["Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3102","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Winne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1604","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"b1-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543058004375"},{"key":"b2-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543061003315"},{"key":"b3-0650245","volume-title":"The architecture of cognition","author":"Anderson JR","year":"1983"},{"key":"b4-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(88)90028-8","volume":"13","author":"Andre T","year":"1988","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b5-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.4.588","volume":"76","author":"Baker L","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b6-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.340","volume":"81","author":"Baker L","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b7-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.106.3.410","volume":"106","author":"Balzer WK","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"b8-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2802_3","volume":"28","author":"Bandura A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b9-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543061002213"},{"key":"b10-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0202_2","volume":"2","author":"Bereiter C","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"b11-0650245","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation","author":"Boekaerts M","year":"1994"},{"key":"b12-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500406"},{"key":"b13-0650245","first-page":"477","volume-title":"Promoting academic competence and literacy in school","author":"Borkowski JG","year":"1992"},{"key":"b14-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298605300205"},{"key":"b15-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520350519","volume-title":"Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments","author":"Brunswik E","year":"1956"},{"key":"b16-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.1.67","volume":"80","author":"Burbules NC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b17-0650245","first-page":"69","volume":"4","author":"Butler DL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"b18-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800306"},{"key":"b19-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.1.19","volume":"97","author":"Carver CS","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"b20-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543063001001"},{"key":"b21-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322394","volume":"4","author":"Corkill AJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"b22-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X022002014"},{"key":"b23-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X019001301"},{"key":"b24-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173582","volume-title":"Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform","author":"Covington MV","year":"1992"},{"key":"b25-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.1.17","volume":"83","author":"Craven RG","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b26-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320097","volume":"1","author":"Dempster FN","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"b27-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543053002159"},{"key":"b28-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.41.10.1040","volume":"41","author":"Dweck CS","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"b29-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.2.248","volume":"99","author":"Eisenberger R","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"b30-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.77.2.162","volume":"77","author":"Elawar MC","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b31-0650245","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits","author":"Ericsson KA","year":"1991"},{"key":"b32-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.2.187","volume":"83","author":"Graham S","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b33-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949302600404"},{"key":"b34-0650245","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Hancock TE","year":"1992"},{"key":"b35-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03330431","volume":"30","author":"Hancock TE","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"b36-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.4.591","volume":"85","author":"Howard-Rose D","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b37-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02766635","volume":"31","author":"Johansen KJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Educational Communication and Technology Journal"},{"key":"b38-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.4.657","volume":"74","author":"Kanfer R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"b39-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.499","volume":"110","author":"Koehler DJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"b40-0650245","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation","author":"Kuhl J","year":"1994"},{"key":"b41-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543047002211"},{"key":"b42-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320096","volume":"1","author":"Kulhavy RW","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"b43-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(79)90062-6","volume":"4","author":"Kulhavy RW","year":"1979","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b44-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543058001079"},{"key":"b45-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.1.91","volume":"100","author":"Loewenstein GF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"b46-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.2.200","volume":"84","author":"Maki RH","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b47-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2802_5","volume":"28","author":"Martin J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b48-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1086\/461534","volume":"88","author":"Marx RW","year":"1988","journal-title":"Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"b49-0650245","author":"McGinn MK","year":"1994","journal-title":"A review of feedback in learning mathematics: Moving from products to processes"},{"key":"b50-0650245","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"McGinn MK","year":"1993"},{"key":"b51-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.3.440","volume":"99","author":"McKoon G","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"b52-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.514","volume":"80","author":"Meece JL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b53-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1086\/461491","volume":"87","author":"Meyer L","year":"1986","journal-title":"Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"b54-0650245","volume-title":"Self-regulation theory: How optimal adjustment maximizes growth","author":"Mithaug DE","year":"1993"},{"key":"b55-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00147.x"},{"key":"b56-0650245","first-page":"125","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory","volume":"26","author":"Nelson TO","year":"1990"},{"key":"b57-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3618-4_7","volume-title":"Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research, and practice","author":"Paris SG","year":"1989"},{"key":"b58-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543058003303"},{"key":"b59-0650245","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Peterson SE","year":"1991"},{"key":"b60-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","volume":"82","author":"Pintrich PR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b61-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543063002167"},{"issue":"1","key":"b62-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2101&2_8","volume":"21","author":"Pressley M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b63-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2307\/748004","volume":"25","author":"Pressley M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"b64-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90017-2","volume":"11","author":"Relich JD","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b65-0650245","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Semantic factors in cognition","author":"Rumelhart DE","year":"1978"},{"key":"b66-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2402_1","volume":"24","author":"Salomon G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b67-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.3.340","volume":"84","author":"Sawyer RJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b68-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.3.498","volume":"82","author":"Schommer M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b69-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.3.406","volume":"85","author":"Schommer M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b70-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.4.435","volume":"84","author":"Schommer M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b71-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(92)90048-4","volume":"17","author":"Schroth ML","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b72-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.74.4.548","volume":"74","author":"Schunk DH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b73-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.75.6.848","volume":"75","author":"Schunk DH","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b74-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.6.1159","volume":"76","author":"Schunk DH","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b75-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.78.3.201","volume":"78","author":"Schunk DH","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b76-0650245","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Schunk DH","year":"1992"},{"key":"b77-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1993.1032","volume":"18","author":"Schutz PA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b78-0650245","first-page":"117","volume":"16","author":"Steinberg ER","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Based Instruction"},{"key":"b79-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"Tversky A","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"b80-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.4.625","volume":"55","author":"Van Hook E","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"b81-0650245","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser","author":"Voss JF","year":"1989"},{"key":"b82-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2307\/747392","volume":"17","author":"Wagoner SA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"b83-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.435","volume":"81","author":"Walczyk JJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b84-0650245","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Handbook of research on teaching","author":"Weinstein CF","year":"1986","edition":"3"},{"key":"b85-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120978","volume":"11","author":"Winne PH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"b86-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1086\/461429","volume":"85","author":"Winne PH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"b87-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-051X(87)90025-4","volume":"3","author":"Winne PH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"b88-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2403_2","volume":"24","author":"Winne PH","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b89-0650245","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Effective teaching: Current research","author":"Winne PH","year":"1991"},{"key":"b90-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77512-3_19","volume-title":"Foundations and frontiers of adaptive learning environments","author":"Winne PH","year":"1992"},{"key":"b91-0650245","author":"Winne PH","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b92-0650245","first-page":"5738","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of education","author":"Winne PH","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"b93-0650245","first-page":"177","volume":"40","author":"Winne PH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alberta Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"b94-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.69.6.668","volume":"69","author":"Winne PH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"b95-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1086\/461284","volume":"82","author":"Winne PH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"b96-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312028002373"},{"key":"b97-0650245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.329","volume":"81","author":"Zimmerman BJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"b98-0650245","volume":"25","author":"Zimmerman BJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"b99-0650245","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Student perceptions in the classroom","author":"Zimmerman BJ","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Review of Educational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3102\/00346543065003245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3102\/00346543065003245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1777607197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3102\/00346543065003245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3102\/00346543065003245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543065003245","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6543","1935-1046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6543","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-1046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}}}