{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:57:40Z","timestamp":1787025460107,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Educational Research Association (AERA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]],"date-time":"1996-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":833587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Educational Research Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to investigate elementary children\u2019s understanding of historical time, we conducted open\u2013ended interviews with 58 children from kindergarten through sixth grade. In order to overcome the limitations of previous research in this area, we asked children to place pictures from various periods of American history in order and to talk about their reasoning. We found that even the youngest children made some basic distinctions in historical time and that those became increasingly differentiated with age. Dates, however, had little meaning for children before third grade, and, although third and fourth graders understood the numerical basis of dates, only by fifth grade did students extensively connect particular dates with specific background knowledge. At all ages, children\u2019s placement of most pictures revealed substantial agreement with one another and with the correct order; this agreement indicates a significant body of understanding of historical chronology. History instruction in the elementary grades, then, might productively focus on helping students refine and extend the knowledge they have gained about history; information which relies on dates, however, is unlikely to activate their temporal understanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312033002419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,7]],"date-time":"2008-03-07T12:55:03Z","timestamp":1204894503000},"page":"419-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["\u201cBack When God Was Around and Everything\u201d: Elementary Children\u2019s                Understanding of Historical Time"],"prefix":"10.3102","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Keith C.","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Kentucky University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Levstik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1604","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"b1-0330419","first-page":"62","volume-title":"The history curriculum for teachers","author":"Ashby R","year":"1987"},{"key":"b2-0330419","volume-title":"Historical understanding among elementary children","author":"Barton KC","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3-0330419","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Barton KC","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4-0330419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2505218"},{"key":"b5-0330419","first-page":"67","volume":"38","author":"Bradley NC","year":"1947","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"b6-0330419","first-page":"2","volume":"16","author":"Brophy J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Social Studies Research"},{"key":"b7-0330419","volume-title":"America: Then and now","author":"Cohen D","year":"1992"},{"key":"b8-0330419","first-page":"191","volume":"46","author":"Diem RA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Social Education"},{"key":"b9-0330419","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Downey MT","year":"1994"},{"key":"b10-0330419","first-page":"174","volume":"9","author":"Epstein TL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Curriculum and Supervision"},{"key":"b11-0330419","volume-title":"The psychology of time","author":"Fraisse P","year":"1963"},{"key":"b12-0330419","first-page":"29","volume":"8","author":"Friedman KC","year":"1944","journal-title":"Social Education"},{"key":"b13-0330419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/458304"},{"key":"b14-0330419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60040-3"},{"key":"b15-0330419","first-page":"171","volume-title":"The developmental psychology of time","author":"Friedman WJ","year":"1982"},{"key":"b16-0330419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.1994.10505728"},{"key":"b17-0330419","volume-title":"The U. 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