{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:42:47Z","timestamp":1791729767673,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Educational Research Association (AERA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Review of Educational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although previous meta-analyses have indicated a connection between inquiry-based teaching and improved student learning, the type of instruction characterized as inquiry based has varied greatly, and few have focused on the extent to which activities are led by the teacher or student. This meta-analysis introduces a framework for inquiry-based teaching that distinguishes between cognitive features of the activity and degree of guidance given to students. This framework is used to code 37 experimental and quasi-experimental studies published between 1996 and 2006, a decade during which inquiry was the main focus of science education reform. The overall mean effect size is .50. Studies that contrasted epistemic activities or the combination of procedural, epistemic, and social activities had the highest mean effect sizes. Furthermore, studies involving teacher-led activities had mean effect sizes about .40 larger than those with student-led conditions. The importance of establishing the validity of the treatment construct in meta-analyses is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654312457206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]],"date-time":"2012-08-09T02:20:12Z","timestamp":1344478812000},"page":"300-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":780,"title":["Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies of Inquiry-Based Science Teaching"],"prefix":"10.3102","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Erin Marie","family":"Furtak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1604","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0742-051X(02)00044-6"},{"key":"bibr2-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Benchmarks for science literacy","author":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr3-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20005"},{"key":"bibr4-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.151.3714.1033"},{"key":"bibr5-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.2006.49403403199"},{"key":"bibr6-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199811)35:9<1057::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"bibr8-0034654312457206","volume-title":"A framework for K\u201312 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas","author":"Board on Science Education","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr9-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543053004499"},{"key":"bibr10-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X08314286"},{"key":"bibr11-0034654312457206","first-page":"21","volume":"31","author":"Bruner J.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"key":"bibr12-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2004.07.008"},{"key":"bibr13-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13558000210161052"},{"key":"bibr14-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20125"},{"key":"bibr15-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220679909597617"},{"key":"bibr16-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20072"},{"key":"bibr17-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10001"},{"key":"bibr18-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diakidoy I.A. N., Kendeou P. (2001). Facilitating conceptual change in astronomy: comparison of the effectiveness of two instructional approaches. Learning and Instruction, 11, 1\u201320. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0959-4752(00)00011-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(00)00011-6"},{"key":"bibr19-0034654312457206","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Everyday assessment in the science classroom","author":"Duschl R. A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr20-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X07309371"},{"key":"bibr21-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188960380306"},{"key":"bibr22-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/13617-011","volume-title":"The journey from child to scientist: Integrating cognitive development and the education sciences","author":"Furtak E. M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr23-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2005.07.013"},{"key":"bibr24-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X005010003"},{"key":"bibr25-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.2.307"},{"key":"bibr26-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520701263368"},{"key":"bibr27-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199708)34:6<551::AID-TEA2>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"bibr28-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.10115"},{"key":"bibr29-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439880500251442"},{"key":"bibr30-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820600697687"},{"key":"bibr31-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4102_1"},{"key":"bibr32-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-005-4423-5"},{"key":"bibr33-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00737.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069960180404"},{"key":"bibr35-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey M. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr36-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660200507"},{"key":"bibr37-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.14"},{"key":"bibr38-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1502_1"},{"key":"bibr39-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20347"},{"key":"bibr40-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059"},{"key":"bibr41-0034654312457206","volume-title":"TIMSS 2011 assessment frameworks","author":"Mullis I. V. A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr42-0034654312457206","volume-title":"National science education standards","author":"National Research Council","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr43-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Inquiry and the national science education standards","author":"National Research Council","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr44-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Taking science to school: Learning and teaching science in grades K\u20138","author":"National Research Council","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr45-0034654312457206","volume-title":"PISA 2009 assessment framework: Key competencies in mathematics, reading and science","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr46-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00159.x"},{"key":"bibr47-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20140"},{"key":"bibr48-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2003.00002.x"},{"key":"bibr49-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660020204","volume":"2","author":"Rutherford F. J.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"bibr50-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20212"},{"key":"bibr51-0034654312457206","volume-title":"The teaching of science as enquiry","author":"Schwab J. J.","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr52-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307310317"},{"key":"bibr53-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference","author":"Shadish W.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr54-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Scientific research in education","author":"Shavelson R. J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr55-0034654312457206","volume-title":"Learning by discovery: A critical appraisal","author":"Shulman L. S.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr56-0034654312457206","first-page":"1098","volume-title":"Second handbook of research on teaching","author":"Shulman L. S.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr57-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660270205"},{"key":"bibr58-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3503_3"},{"key":"bibr59-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/0263514042000187539","volume":"22","author":"Ugwu O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Science and Technological Education"},{"key":"bibr60-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.11.017"},{"key":"bibr61-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660190610"},{"key":"bibr62-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci1601_2"},{"key":"bibr63-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20259"},{"key":"bibr64-0034654312457206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660200506"}],"container-title":["Review of Educational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3102\/0034654312457206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3102\/0034654312457206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3102\/0034654312457206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:48:41Z","timestamp":1777607321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3102\/0034654312457206"}},"subtitle":["A Meta-Analysis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3102\/0034654312457206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654312457206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6543","1935-1046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6543","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-1046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}}}