{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:42:39Z","timestamp":1753890159192,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alpha Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the perspectives of Arabic-scribing medical schools on the classification of psychotic disorders of the Middle Ages, the so-called \u201cIslamic Golden Age\u201d. Through an in-depth analysis of seminal texts in Arabic medical literature, including works by renowned scholars such as Tabari, Razi, Avicenna, and others, this paper elucidates the historical development of psychiatric taxonomy in the Arabic medical tradition. By examining the representations of \u201cjunun\u201d (\u201cmadness\u201d) or psychoses in these texts and comparing them with earlier European and current classifications, we aim to highlight the unique contributions of Arabic-scribing scholars to the field of clinical psychiatry. The Arabic taxonomy divides \u201cjunun\u201d (\u201cinsanity\u201d) into three major categories of (1) permanent insanities (\u201cal-junun al-th\u0101bet\u201d), (2) symptomatic illnesses (\u201ca\u2019r\u0101z t\u0101bea-tul amr\u0101z\u201d), and (3) reactive. Arabic medical schools consider \u201cinsanity\u201d as a primary brain pathology albeit with multifactorial etiology\u2014a concept formulated by early Greco-Roman medicine, developed by Muslim physicians, and re-invented by Griesinger in the 19th century\u2014known as the \u201corganic model\u201d of mental illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/ap43494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:12:04Z","timestamp":1751433124000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arabic Perspectives on Classification of Psychotic Disorders: A Historical Overview and Comparison With Contemporary Classifications"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-416X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Homayun","family":"Shahpesandy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Oaks Inpatient Services, Doncaster and South Humber NHS Foundation Trust, DN4 8QN Rotherham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Girardi P. 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