{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:14:47Z","timestamp":1788441287594,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alpha Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves Mirror Neuron System (MNS) dysfunction, driving core social and imitative impairments. Systemic physiological alterations such as autonomic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are known to impair synchronization and plasticity of neuronal clusters. A less-evident environmental cofactor, coinciding with rising ASD prevalence, is the considerable world-wide increase in electromagnetic radiation (EMR) overall exposure among children. Experimental evidence shows how low-intensity EMR influences cellular processes, via voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), oxidative stress, and mitochondrial metabolism. The Resonant Convergence framework, allow to predict how chronic EMR exposure during the first 24 postnatal months of life can act as a factor in ASD pathogenesis. The best candidate mechanism is chronic Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) detuning the Ca2+-calmodulin pathway, thus disrupting MNS synchronization.Methods and Analysis:A prospective observational pilot cohort study (24-month follow-up) proposes to enroll 1000 full-term newborns into two arms: an EMR-reduced cohort (n = 500, rest and sleep-phase Faraday shielding) and a standard exposure cohort (n = 500). Exposure is quantified via radiofrequency (RF)\/extremely low frequency(ELF) measurements, proximity analysis, device inventories and wearable dosimetry. The primary endpoint is a continuous neurodevelopmental trajectory score (joint attention, language, electroencephalogram (EEG) mu-rhythm); binary ASD diagnosis (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)) is a secondary, exploratory endpoint. Moreover, an optional genomic screening will evaluate gene-environment interactions within extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) vulnerable pathways, including ASD-associated genes upregulated by RF via bromodomain and extraterminal protein (BET)-mediated epigenetic mechanisms. Analyses will employ risk ratios, Fisher\u2019s exact tests and logistic regression adjusted for confounders; mixed-effects and Bayesian modeling will evaluate longitudinal outcomes and exposure reduction effects. Given a 2\u20133% baseline prevalence, approximately 20\u201330 ASD cases are expected. The study is therefore powered for exploratory signal detection rather than definitive causal inference, providing the critical baseline data required to justify and design future confirmatory trials. Sex-stratified modeling will address the 4:1 male-to-female prevalence ratio.Ethics and Dissemination:Ethics committee approval is not yet sought; full protocol review and approval will be obtained prior to the study initiation, in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written parental informed consent will be mandatory for all participants prior to enrollment. Study findings and methodological milestones will be disseminated through peer-reviewed international scientific publications. This protocol provides a structured methodological framework for the first prospective investigation of sleep-phase EMR reduction as a potential modulator of ASD incidence during early neurodevelopment. Results will inform adequately powered confirmatory trials in electromagnetic neurodevelopmental epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/ap53282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:23:51Z","timestamp":1788438231000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shielding the First 24 Postnatal Months of Life: A Proposal for a Prospective Cohort Study of Early-Life Electromagnetic Exposure and Autism Risk"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9523-1458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alberto","family":"Garoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-0326","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, APSP (Public Agency for Personal Health Services), 38023 Cles, Italy"},{"name":"Course Direction, RSA (Residential Care Home) Medical Training Course for the Province of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Research and Development Department, S.I.S.T.E.M.I. srl, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stamou M, Streifel KM, Goines PE, Lein PJ. Neuronal connectivity as a convergent target of gene \u00d7 environment interactions that confer risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2013; 36: 3\u201316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2012.12.001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Menon V. Typical and atypical development of functional human brain networks: insights from resting-state FMRI. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2010; 4: 21.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2010.00021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pietramala K, Greco A, Garoli A, Roblin D. Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Treatment on ASD Symptoms in Children: A Pilot Study. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14: 1293.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121293"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tierney AL, Gabard-Durnam L, Vogel-Farley V, Tager-Flusberg H, Nelson CA. Developmental trajectories of resting EEG power: an endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder. PloS One. 2012; 7: e39127.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039127"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iacoboni M, Dapretto M. The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2006; 7: 942\u2013951.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, et al. Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience. 2006; 9: 28\u201330.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1611"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams JH, Whiten A, Suddendorf T, Perrett DI. Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001; 25: 287\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(01)00014-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research. 1992; 91: 176\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230027"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 1996; 119 (Pt 2): 593\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2004; 27: 169\u2013192.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinstein I, Pierce K, Eyler L, Solso S, Malach R, Behrmann M, et al. Disrupted neural synchronization in toddlers with autism. Neuron. 2011; 70: 1218\u20131225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.018"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noonan SK, Haist F, M\u00fcller RA. Aberrant functional connectivity in autism: evidence from low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations. Brain Research. 2009; 1262: 48\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.12.076"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sinha P, Kjelgaard MM, Gandhi TK, Tsourides K, Cardinaux AL, Pantazis D, et al. Autism as a disorder of prediction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111: 15220\u201315225.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416797111"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bujnakova I, Ondrejka I, Mestanik M, Visnovcova Z, Mestanikova A, Hrtanek I, et al. Autism spectrum disorder is associated with autonomic underarousal. Physiological Research. 2016; 65: S673\u2013S682.","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933528"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siddiqui MF, Elwell C, Johnson MH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism-open Access. 2016; 6: 1000190.","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7890.1000190"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matta SM, Hill-Yardin EL, Crack PJ. The influence of neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2019; 79: 75\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.037"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lory C, Kadlaskar G, McNally Keehn R, Francis AL, Keehn B. Brief Report: Reduced Heart Rate Variability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2020; 50: 4183\u20134190.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04458-8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duffy FH, Als H. Autism, spectrum or clusters? An EEG coherence study. BMC Neurology. 2019; 19: 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1254-1"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O'Reilly C, Lewis JD, Elsabbagh M. Is functional brain connectivity atypical in autism? A systematic review of EEG and MEG studies. PloS One. 2017; 12: e0175870.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175870"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron. 2006; 52: 155\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.020"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucia U. Bioengineering thermodynamics of biological cells. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. 2015; 12: 29.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12976-015-0024-z"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucia U. Electromagnetic Waves and Living Cells: A Kinetic Thermodynamic Approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2016; 461: 577\u2013585.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.06.079"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucia U, Grisolia G, Ponzetto A, Silvagno F. An engineering thermodynamic approach to select the electromagnetic wave effective on cell growth. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2017; 429: 181\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.06.029"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mundy P, Jarrold W. Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition. Neural Networks: the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society. 2010; 23: 985\u2013997.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2010.08.009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall PJ, Meltzoff AN. Neural mirroring mechanisms and imitation in human infants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2014; 369: 20130620.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0620"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simpson EA, Murray L, Paukner A, Ferrari PF. The mirror neuron system as revealed through neonatal imitation: presence from birth, predictive power and evidence of plasticity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2014; 369: 20130289.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0289"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knickmeyer RC, Gouttard S, Kang C, Evans D, Wilber K, Smith JK, et al. A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years. The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2008; 28: 12176\u201312182.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3479-08.2008"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinard JL, Mosner MG, Greene RK, Addicott M, Bizzell J, Petty C, et al. Neural Mechanisms of Social and Nonsocial Reward Prediction Errors in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research. 2020; 13: 715\u2013728.","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2273"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woodward AL, Gerson SA. Mirroring and the development of action understanding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2014; 369: 20130181.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0181"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hensch TK. Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2005; 6: 877\u2013888.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1787"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thornton IM. Out of time: a possible link between mirror neurons, autism and electromagnetic radiation. Medical Hypotheses. 2006; 67: 378\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.032"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessandro G. Effects of non-focused ELF-EMF treatment on EEG: Preliminary study. Translational Neuroscience Research and Reviews. 2019; 2: 38\u201352.","DOI":"10.36959\/817\/524"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seewooruttun C, Mai TC, Corona A, Delanaud S, Seze RD, Bach V, et al. Electromagnetic fields from mobile phones: A risk for maintaining energy homeostasis? Annales D'endocrinologie. 2025; 86: 101782.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2025.101782"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Maenner MJ. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR. Surveillance summaries. 2023; 72."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Choe MS, Kiral FR, Kim J, Micali N, et al. Radiofrequency regulates the BET-mediated pathways in radial glia differentiation in human cortical development. Cell Reports. 2025; 44: 116238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116238"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boussad Y, Chen XL, Legout A, Chaintreau A, Dabbous W. Longitudinal study of exposure to radio frequencies at population scale. Environment International. 2022; 162: 107144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107144"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission (FCC). RF Safety FAQ. 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/engineering-technology\/electromagnetic-compatibility-division\/radio-frequency-safety\/faq\/rf-safety (Accessed: 24 April 2026)."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22: 3772.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073772"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2013; 17: 958\u2013965.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12088"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panagopoulos DJ, Yakymenko I, De Iuliis GN, Chrousos GP. A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025; 13: 1585441.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585441"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Napolitano A, Schiavi S, La Rosa P, Rossi-Espagnet MC, Petrillo S, Bottino F, et al. Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 889636.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.889636"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cellier D, Riddle J, Petersen I, Hwang K. The development of theta and alpha neural oscillations from ages 3 to 24 years. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2021; 50: 100969.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100969"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Duecker K, Zoefel B, Obleser J, Henry MJ. Challenges and approaches in the study of neural entrainment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2024; 28: 921\u2013937."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim JH, Lee JK, Kim HG, Kim KB, Kim HR. Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 2019; 27: 265\u2013275.","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.152"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez M\u00c1, S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez DA. The Human Head Skull Role as Our First Thermoregulatory Natural Shield to Excessive Electromagnetic Fields at 1800 MHz. Electronics. 2024; 13: 1475.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13081475"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Legros A, Beuter A. Effect of a low intensity magnetic field on human motor behavior. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005; 26: 657\u2013669.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20161"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mortazavi SMJ, Rouintan MS, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah AA, Sadeghi Z, et al. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Acta Neurologica Belgica. 2012; 112: 171\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-012-0044-y"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reite M, Higgs L, Lebet JP, Barbault A, Rossel C, Kuster N, et al. Sleep inducing effect of low energy emission therapy. Bioelectromagnetics. 1994; 15: 67\u201375.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250150110"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krause CM, Sillanm\u00e4ki L, Koivisto M, H\u00e4ggqvist A, Saarela C, Revonsuo A, et al. Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the EEG during a memory task. Neuroreport. 2000; 11: 761\u2013764.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200003200-00021"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lebedeva NN, Sulimov AV, Sulimova OP, Kotrovskaya TI, Gailus T. Cellular phone electromagnetic field effects on bioelectric activity of human brain. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 2000; 28: 323\u2013337.","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevbiomedeng.v28.i12.450"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vrijheid M, Martinez D, Forns J, Guxens M, Julvez J, Ferrer M, et al. Prenatal exposure to cell phone use and neurodevelopment at 14 months. Epidemiology. 2010; 21: 259\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cb41e0"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herbert MR, Sage C. Autism and EMF? Plausibility of a pathophysiological link - Part I. Pathophysiology: the Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology. 2013; 20: 191\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2013.08.001"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fox NA, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Yoo KH, Bowman LC, Cannon EN, Vanderwert RE, et al. Assessing human mirror activity with EEG mu rhythm: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 2016; 142: 291\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000031"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cook R, Bird G, Catmur C, Press C, Heyes C. Mirror neurons: from origin to function. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2014; 37: 177\u2013192.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X13000903"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR. 2008; 51: S225\u201339.","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dallere S, Ras\u00e0 DM, Pavarino G, Schellino R, Vercelli A, Boido M. The exposome from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration: A narrative review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2025; 176: 106247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106247"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greco A. Resonant Convergence: An Integrative Model for Electromagnetic Interactions in Biological Systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 27: 423.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010423"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lonze BE, Ginty DD. Function and regulation of CREB family transcription factors in the nervous system. Neuron. 2002; 35: 605\u2013623.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00828-0"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meyer F, Bitsch A, Forman HJ, Fragoulis A, Ghezzi P, Henschenmacher B, et al. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro: A systematic review of experimental studies. Environment International. 2024; 194: 108940.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108940"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang X. Magnetic Fields and Reactive Oxygen Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18: 2175.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102175"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tian H, Zhu H, Gao C, Shi M, Yang D, Jin M, et al. System-level biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: an in vivo experimental review. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2023; 17: 1247021.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1247021"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brockmann MD, P\u00f6schel B, Cichon N, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Coupled oscillations mediate directed interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the neonatal rat. Neuron. 2011; 71: 332\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.041"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liboff AR. Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells. Journal of Biological Physics. 1985; 13: 99\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01878387"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liboff AR. Electric-field ion cyclotron resonance. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997; 18: 85\u201387.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:1<85::AID-BEM13>3.3.CO;2-3"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liboff AR. ION cyclotron resonance: Geomagnetic strategy for living systems? Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2019; 38: 143\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2019.1608234"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liboff AR. A role for the geomagnetic field in cell regulation. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2010; 29: 105\u2013112.","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2010.493129"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adair R. Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Physical Review. A, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. 1991; 43: 1039\u20131048.","DOI":"10.1103\/physreva.43.1039"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adair RK. Criticism of Lednev's mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics. 1992; 13: 231\u2013235.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250130307"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adair RK. Constraints of thermal noise on the effects of weak 60-Hz magnetic fields acting on biological magnetite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994; 91: 2925\u20132929.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.8.2925"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika. 1993; 80: 27\u201338.","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.1.27"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varani K, Vincenzi F, Ravani A, Pasquini S, Merighi S, Gessi S, et al. Adenosine Receptors as a Biological Pathway for the Anti-Inflammatory and Beneficial Effects of Low Frequency Low Energy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017; 2017: 2740963.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2740963"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pansieri C, Clavenna A, Pandolfini C, Zanetti M, Calati MG, Miglio D, et al. NASCITA Italian birth cohort study: a study protocol. BMC Pediatrics. 2020; 20: 80.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1961-1"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foulon S, Greacen T, Pasquet B, Dugravier R, Sa\u00efas T, Guedeney N, et al. Predictors of Study Attrition in a Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating a Perinatal Home-Visiting Program with Mothers with Psychosocial Vulnerabilities. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0142495.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142495"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Dahabreh IJ, Dickerman BA, Swanson SA. The Target Trial Framework for Causal Inference From Observational Data: Why and When Is It Helpful? Annals of Internal Medicine. 2025; 178: 402\u2013407.","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-01871"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017; 167: 268\u2013274.","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Del Giudice E, Fleischmann M, Preparata G, Talpo G. On the \"unreasonable\" effects of ELF magnetic fields upon a system of ions. Bioelectromagnetics. 2002; 23: 522\u2013530.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10046"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Del Giudice E, Preparata G, Fleischmann M. QED coherence and electrolyte solutions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2000; 482: 110\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(00)00019-X"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bier M, Pravica D. LIMITS ON QUANTUM COHERENT DOMAINS IN LIQUID WATER. Acta Physica Polonica B. 2018; 49: 1717.","DOI":"10.5506\/APhysPolB.49.1717"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mossa A, Giona F, Pagano J, Sala C, Verpelli C. SHANK genes in autism: Defining therapeutic targets. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2018; 84: 416\u2013423.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.11.019"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourgeron T. From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2015; 16: 551\u2013563.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3992"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1agarikano O, Geschwind DH. What does CNTNAP2 reveal about autism spectrum disorder? Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2012; 18: 156\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.01.003"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campbell DB, D'Oronzio R, Garbett K, Ebert PJ, Mirnics K, Levitt P, et al. Disruption of cerebral cortex MET signaling in autism spectrum disorder. Annals of Neurology. 2007; 62: 243\u2013250.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21180"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Napoli E, Ross-Inta C, Wong S, Hung C, Fujisawa Y, Sakaguchi D, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Pten haplo-insufficient mice with social deficits and repetitive behavior: interplay between Pten and p53. PloS One. 2012; 7: e42504.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042504"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chauhan A, Chauhan V. Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology: the Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology. 2006; 13: 171\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2006.05.007"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carmassi C, Palagini L, Caruso D, Masci I, Nobili L, Vita A, et al. Systematic Review of Sleep Disturbances and Circadian Sleep Desynchronization in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Toward an Integrative Model of a Self-Reinforcing Loop. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019; 10: 366.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00366"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Q, Loh DH, Kudo T, Truong D, Derakhshesh M, Kaswan ZM, et al. Circadian rhythm disruption in a mouse model of Rett syndrome circadian disruption in RTT. Neurobiology of Disease. 2015; 77: 155\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.03.009"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmieri L, Papaleo V, Porcelli V, Scarcia P, Gaita L, Sacco R, et al. Altered calcium homeostasis in autism-spectrum disorders: evidence from biochemical and genetic studies of the mitochondrial aspartate\/glutamate carrier AGC1. Molecular Psychiatry. 2010; 15: 38\u201352.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.63"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabi SU, Rehman MU, Arafah A, Taifa S, Khan IS, Khan A, et al. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Mitochondrial-targeted Drug: Future of Neurological Diseases Therapeutics. Current Neuropharmacology. 2023; 21: 1042\u20131064.","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666221121095618"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Muller CL, Iwamoto H, Sauer JE, Owens WA, Shah CR, et al. Autism gene variant causes hyperserotonemia, serotonin receptor hypersensitivity, social impairment and repetitive behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109: 5469\u20135474.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112345109"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Thuras PD. GABA(A) receptor downregulation in brains of subjects with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2009; 39: 223\u2013230.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0646-7"}],"container-title":["Alpha Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/AP\/27\/4\/10.31083\/AP53282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:23:55Z","timestamp":1788438235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/AP\/27\/4\/10.31083\/AP53282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S2757-8038(26)02257-3"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/ap53282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2757-8038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2757-8038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"article-number":"53282"}}