{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:58:55Z","timestamp":1790704735455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br. J. Hosp. Med. (Lond)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims\/Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a major public health challenge requiring urgent attention. These infections impose substantial burdens on both society and healthcare institutions. Patients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) are at particularly high risk of HAI. This study aimed to analyze the status of targeted HAI surveillance in the PICU over 10 consecutive years and to provide evidence for improving HAI prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data were collected from PICU patients of Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University who were monitored through a real-time HAI surveillance system from January 2015 to December 2024. Collected indicators included HAI incidence, infection sites, incidence of device-associated infections, distribution of pathogens, and the detection rates and incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Results: A total of 20,120 patients were monitored, with an overall HAI incidence of 3.36%. The annual incidence of HAI in the PICU exhibited a significant downward trend over the 10 years (p &lt; 0.001). The respiratory system was the most common site of infection. The incidences of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) were 0.70 per 1000 central line-days, 1.84 per 1000 mechanical ventilation-days, and 0.11 per 1000 urinary catheter-days, respectively. A total of 643 pathogenic strains were isolated, predominantly Gram-negative bacteria (73.41%), with Acinetobacter baumannii being the most frequently detected (18.35%). The detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) were 67.33% and 31.42%, respectively, both showing significant upward trends over the decade (both p &lt; 0.001). The detection rate of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) was 16.30% and showed a significant downward trend for 10 consecutive years (p &lt; 0.001). The incidence of MDRO-related HAI was 0.68%, with CRAB (0.32%) and CRKP (0.13%) having the two highest incidence rates. Conclusion: The incidence of HAI in the PICU significantly decreased over the study period, indicating progress in infection prevention and control. However, CLABSI, VAP, and MDROs remain key priorities in ongoing HAI prevention efforts in the PICU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/bjhm58286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:59:52Z","timestamp":1790701192000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ten-Year Consecutive Targeted Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a Children\u2019s Hospital"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1057-732X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingchun","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, 401122 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, Hosseinipalangi Z, Noorani Mejareh Z, Khani S, et al. Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2023; 18: e0274248.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274248"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Revelas A. Healthcare - associated infections: A public health problem. Nigerian Medical Journal. 2012; 53: 59\u201364.","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.103543"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Torres A, Shorr AF, Martin-Loeches I, Micek ST. Nosocomial Infection. Critical Care Medicine. 2021; 49: 169\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004783"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Yin R, Nercelles P, Rivera-Molina SE, Jyoti S, Dongol R, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module. American Journal of Infection Control. 2024; 52: 1002\u20131011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.12.019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia H, Li L, Li W, Hou T, Ma H, Yang Y, et al. Impact of Healthcare-Associated Infections on Length of Stay: A Study in 68 Hospitals in China. BioMed Research International. 2019; 2019: 2590563.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2590563"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schults JA, Hall L, Charles KR, Rickard CM, Le Marsney R, Ergetu E, et al. Hospital-Acquired Complications in Critically Ill Children and PICU Length of Stay, Duration of Respiratory Support, and Economics: Propensity Score Matching in a Single-Center Cohort, 2015-2020. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2025; 26: e304\u2013e314.","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003668"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forrester JD, Maggio PM, Tennakoon L. Cost of Health Care-Associated Infections in the United States. Journal of Patient Safety. 2022; 18: e477\u2013e479.","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000845"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joram N, de Saint Blanquat L, Stamm D, Launay E, Gras-Le Guen C. Healthcare-associated infection prevention in pediatric intensive care units: a review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2012; 31: 2481\u20132490.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1611-0"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu Y, Wang XJ, Xu RL, Wang WJ, Luo WJ. Analysis on target surveillance of nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care unit of a children\u2019s hospital. Chinese Journal of Disinfection. 2018; 35: 280\u2013282.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.11726\/j.issn.1001-7658.2018.04.012"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang C, Song JP, Tang ML, Zhu SC, Wang CX. Consecutive six-year targeted monitoring on healthcare-associated infections in pediatric intensive care unit of a hospital. West China Medical Journal. 2020; 35: 296\u2013300.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.7507\/1002-0179.201909149"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed AA, Haftu H, Hadgu A, Seyoum D, Gebrekidan G, Ebrahim MM, et al. Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infection in Ayder Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tigray, Ethiopia. International Journal of General Medicine. 2022; 15: 7145\u20137153.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S384233"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Gong Z, Lu Y, Hu G, Cai R, Chen Z. Impact of nosocomial infections surveillance on nosocomial infection rates: A systematic review. International Journal of Surgery. 2017; 42: 164\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.04.065"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen R, Li X, Liu T, Lin G. Effect of a real-time automatic nosocomial infection surveillance system on hospital-acquired infection prevention and control. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2022; 22: 857.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07873-7"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Diagnostic criteria for nosocomial infections. Chinese Medical Journal. 2001; 81: 314\u2013320.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.3760\/j:issn:0376-2491.2001.05.027"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang W, Liu L, Liu W, Wei W, Huang Q. Analysis of influencing factors and nursing countermeasures of hospital infection in pediatric intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice. 2024; 10: 148\u2013150.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.11997\/nitcwm.202410045"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu HE, Mathew R, Wang R, Broadwell C, Horan K, Jin R, et al. Health Care-Associated Infections Among Critically Ill Children in the US, 2013-2018. JAMA Pediatrics. 2020; 174: 1176\u20131183.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3223"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lohiya R, Deotale V. Surveillance of health-care associated infections in an intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in Central India. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control. 2023; 18: Doc28.","DOI":"10.3205\/dgkh000454"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Jin Z, Memish ZA, Rodrigues C, Myatra SN, Kharbanda M, et al. Multinational prospective cohort study of rates and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia over 24 years in 42 countries of Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology. 2023; 3: e6.","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2022.339"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu W, Zuo Z, Ma R, Zhang X. Effect of mechanical cleaning of endotracheal tubes with sterile urethral catheters to reduce biofilm formation in ventilator patients. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 14: e338\u2013e343.","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31828aa5d6"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u015eanl\u0131 D, Sar\u0131kaya A, Pronovost PJ. Effects of the care given to intensive care patients using an evidence model on the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2023; 35: mzad104.","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzad104"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miron M, Blaj M, Ristescu AI, Iosep G, Av\u0103danei AN, Iosep DG, et al. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Literature Review. Microorganisms. 2024; 12: 213.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010213"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalitha AV, Paul M, Nagraj S, Ghosh S. Risk Factors for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CA-UTI) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Indian Pediatrics. 2022; 59: 613\u2013616.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-022-2573-7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Memish ZA, Nicastri E, Leone S, Bearman G. Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: A position paper of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2024 update. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2025; 151: 107304.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107304"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almazeedi MA, Al Ghadeer HA, Bugshan AS, Alhrthi HL, Alshuaibi MK, Albarqi HH, et al. Pattern and Frequency of Nosocomial Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at East Jeddah General Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023; 15: e47561.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47561"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu J, Yan H, Yan G, Lu G, Fu P, Wang C, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the bacterial strains isolated from pediatric intensive care units in China: results from 2020 to 2022. Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2025; 25: 303\u2013311.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.16718\/j.1009-7708.2025.03.009"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J, Shao M, Wang H, Wang G, Gong X, Li R, et al. Characteristics of multidrug-resistant organism healthcare-associated infection in different specialized intensive care units. Chinese Journal of Infection Control. 2021; 20: 1126\u20131132.  (In Chinese)","DOI":"10.12138\/j.issn.1671-9638.20211260"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sati H, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Hansen P, Garlasco J, Campagnaro E, et al. The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 2025; 25: 1033\u20131043.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strich JR, Palmore TN. Preventing Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in the Intensive Care Unit. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2017; 31: 535\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.05.010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kampmeier S, Lanckohr C. Antimicrobial Stewardship and Hygiene: Prevention of Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. 2025; 60: 105\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2298-3011"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Hospital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/BJHM\/87\/9\/10.31083\/BJHM58286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:00:01Z","timestamp":1790701201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/BJHM\/87\/9\/10.31083\/BJHM58286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1759-7390(26)04778-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/bjhm58286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-8460","1759-7390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-8460","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-7390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"58286"}}