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This review examines key innovations in biomaterials, scaffold design, and regenerative medicine that have informed the development of artificial corneas. Recent studies have demonstrated that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels exhibit 98% light transmittance and an elastic modulus of 1.5 MPa, whereas collagen scaffolds achieve 85% clinical success with &lt;5% inflammatory response. Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites have increased mechanical strength by 25%. Therefore, by synthesizing clinical and preclinical evidence, this article outlines current achievements and unresolved challenges related to scalability, cost, immune compatibility, and regulatory constraints, providing a roadmap for future translational research in corneal tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/fbe38592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1774947602000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Progress in Bioengineering: An Extensive Examination of State-of-the-Art Innovations in the Development of Artificial Corneas"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Mediterranean Foundation \u201cG.B. Morgagni\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"D\u2019Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG) Unit, Imperial College, NW15QH London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutali","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, University of Benin, 300238 Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tognetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Scollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic Catania University San Marco Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Visalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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