{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:16:20Z","timestamp":1788441380110,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital","award":["XHMS202408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHMS202408"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital","award":["XHQN202409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHQN202409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common form of lung cancer. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is abnormally expressed in various tumor tissues and is associated with malignant phenotypes. However, the clinical significance, function, and mechanism of LUAD invasion and metastasis remain unclear.Methods:We retrospectively enrolled 100 patients with LUAD in this study. Initially, qRT-PCR was performed to detect PCSK9 levels in clinical tissues. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis of scRNA-seq and The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) datasets was performed to predict the role of PCSK9 in tumor cell malignancy and its potential downstream pathways. These predictions were validated experimentally using the CCK-8 assay, TUNEL staining, wound healing, transwell invasion assay, and an in vivo lung metastasis model. Finally, Western blotting and an AKT inhibitor (MK2206) were used to verify the underlying mechanism.Results:PCSK9 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues compared to paracancerous tissues and was associated with poorer OS and DFS. Bioinformatics analysis of scRNA-seq data and TCGA analysis predicted that PCSK9 is highly enriched in tumor cells and is involved in EMT, and that the PI3K\/AKT pathway plays a significant role in LUAD development. Experiments confirmed that PCSK9 markedly promoted LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. PCSK9 overexpression significantly upregulated p-AKT, p-PI3K, and p-mTOR levels. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor, MK2206, reversed the promoting effects of PCSK9.Conclusions:PCSK9 expression is associated with the prognosis and diagnosis of LUAD. This molecule activates the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway, thereby driving invasion, metastasis, and proliferation in LUAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/fbl49685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:35:31Z","timestamp":1788438931000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PCSK9 as a Key Gene of Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Multi-omics and Experimental Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-5215","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dan","family":"Zong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-295X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dejun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-5289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luxi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-5152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-841X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-8449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5160-1460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 210009 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bade BC, Dela Cruz CS. 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