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Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nitrogen is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by rice (Oryza sativa) and the primary limiting factor for grain yield. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in nitrogen assimilation in rice, and is closely associated with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and source\u2013sink nitrogen dynamics. Methods: We performed a genome-wide characterization of the GS gene family across 12 plant species. Haplotype analysis of four rice GS genes was conducted using resequencing data from approximately 2000 rice accessions. A reproductive-stage nitrogen-gradient experimental system (0N, 1N, 3N) was established to simultaneously profile GS transcript levels and enzyme activity in source tissues (roots and flag leaves) and sink tissues (young embryos at different developing stages). Results: A total of 86 non-redundant GS proteins were identified, which clustered into two evolutionarily distinct subfamilies (GS1 and GS2). In rice, OsGS1-1 exhibited pronounced indica\u2013japonica differentiation and a pattern consistent with a domestication bottleneck, while other members showed high sequence conservation. Transcript abundance and enzymatic activity data revealed that OsGS1\u20113 among GS isoforms exhibited its highest transcript level at 5 days after pollination (DAP), while total GS activity peaked at 5 DAP in developing embryos, suggesting this stage may represent a critical window for active nitrogen assimilation during embryogenesis. Distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and nitrogen-responsive profiles were also observed among OsGS isoforms. Conclusions: These findings provide fundamental insights into the evolutionary and functional diversification of the rice GS gene family. The tissue-specific and nitrogen-dependent transcriptional and enzymatic responses of GS isoforms indicate their coordinated involvement in nitrogen assimilation processes, which may further influence source\u2013sink nitrogen utilization in rice under varying nitrogen conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/fbl54457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:21:51Z","timestamp":1790698911000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-Wide Characterization, Expression Profiling and Source-Sink Nitrogen Responses of Rice Glutamine Synthetase Gene Family"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7644-7180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haiting","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0554-7548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2848-4495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zixin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5034-8492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuelin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2994-9603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5376-4878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhuocheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, 234000 Suzhou, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-9968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biology, Anhui Engineering Research Center for Green Production Technology of Drought Grain Crops, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siqueira JA, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A, Ara\u00fajo WL. 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