{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:35:08Z","timestamp":1784673308871,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection conventionally treated with antifungal drugs. However, the increasing number of fungal infections, parallel to the rising conditions sustained by non-albicans species, pose critical issues related to escalating drug resistances differently acquired by different species. Meanwhile, the knowledge of the interplay between oral microbiota and its host suggests alternative antifungal therapies based on the administration of probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms beneficial to the host, and literature reports consistent evidence for their use to treat gut diseases. The present work aimed to overview the primary mechanisms through which probiotics act against Candida species and the current status of knowledge on their use in clinical practice, particularly concerning oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbe1501006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:13:49Z","timestamp":1677460429000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Use of Probiotics for Oral Candidiasis: State of the Art and Perspective. A Further Step Toward Personalized Medicine?"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Contaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\", 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contaldo M, Di Stasio D, Romano A, Fiori F, Della Vella F, Rupe C, et al. Oral candidiasis and novel therapeutic strategies: antifungals, phytotherapy, probiotics, and photodynamic therapy. Current Drug Delivery. 2022. (online ahead of print)","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220418104042"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein JB, Pearsall NN, Truelove EL. Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1980; 12: 475\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.12.3.475-476.1980"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akpan A, Morgan R. Oral candidiasis. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002; 78: 455\u2013459.","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.922.455"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohner F, Papp C, G\u00e1cser A. The effect of antifungal resistance development on the virulence of Candida species. FEMS Yeast Research. 2022; 22: foac019.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foac019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacobbe DR, Maraolo AE, Simeon V, Magn\u00e8 F, Pace MC, Gentile I, et al. Changes in the relative prevalence of candidaemia due to non-albicans Candida species in adult in-patients: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Mycoses. 2020; 63: 334\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13054"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne M, Azana R, Hoang LMN. Review of 16S and ITS Direct Sequencing Results for Clinical Specimens Submitted to a Reference Laboratory. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 2016; 2016: 4210129.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4210129"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evangelista AJ, Ferreira TL. Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of microorganisms. Future Microbiology. 2022; 17: 1409\u20131419.","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0067"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015; 6: 791.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan C, Newport G, Murillo LA, Jones T, Scherer S, Davis RW, et al. Metabolic specialization associated with phenotypic switching in Candidaalbicans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002; 99: 14907\u201314912.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232566499"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2020; 39: 1797\u20131819.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03912-w"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriques M, Williams D. Pathogenesis and Virulence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Pathogens. 2020; 9: 752.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090752"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Sturtevant J, Calderone R. Candida albicans adhesins: Biochemical aspects and virulence. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 1997; 14: 90\u201397."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozik A, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zajac D, Bochenska O, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, et al. Fibronectin-, vitronectin- and laminin-binding proteins at the cell walls of Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis pathogenic yeasts. BMC Microbiology. 2015; 15: 197.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0531-4"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes AR, Rodrigues E, van der Wielen P, Lyons KM, Haigh BJ, Wheeler TT, et al. Adherence of Candida albicans to silicone is promoted by the human salivary protein SPLUNC2\/PSP\/BPIFA2. Molecular Oral Microbiology. 2014; 29: 90\u201398.","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12048"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira R, Dos Santos Fontenelle RO, de Brito EHS, de Morais SM. Biofilm of Candida albicans: formation, regulation and resistance. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021; 131: 11\u201322.","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14949"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paoletti I, Fusco A, Grimaldi E, Perillo L, Coretti L, Di Domenico M, et al. Assessment of host defence mechanisms induced by Candida species. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2013; 26: 663\u2013672.","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600309"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundula T, Ricci F, Barbetta B, Baccini M, Amedei A. Effect of Probiotics on Oral Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 2449.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102449"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nami S, Aghebati-Maleki A, Morovati H, Aghebati-Maleki L. Current antifungal drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches as promising strategies to treatment of fungal diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 110: 857\u2013868.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.009"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016; 62: e1\u2013e50.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denning DW. Echinocandins: a new class of antifungal. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002; 49: 889\u2013891.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf045"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel M. Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the Development of Infection. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 335.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030335"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu S. Perception of iron deficiency from oral mucosa alterations that show a high prevalence of Candida infection. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2016; 115: 619\u2013627.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.03.011"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Contaldo M, Romano A, Mascitti M, Fiori F, Della Vella F, Serpico R, et al. Association between denture stomatitis, candida species and diabetic status. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2019; 33: 35\u201341."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Macikowska K, Paruzel-Pliskowska A, Curlej-W\u0105drzyk A, Ka\u0142u\u017ca P, Pytko-Polo\u0144czyk J. The condition of the oral cavity in patients receiving chronic steroid therapy - practical remarks. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski. 2021; 49: 382\u2013384."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, Merelli M, Trucchi C, De Pascale G, et al. A multicenter study of septic shock due to candidemia: outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Medicine. 2014; 40: 839\u2013845.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3310-z"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morelli L, Capurso L. FAO\/WHO guidelines on probiotics: 10 years later. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2012; 46: S1\u2013S2.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318269fdd5"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)\/World Health Organization (WHO). Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. 2001. Available at: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a0512e\/a0512e.pdf (Accessed: 22 August 2022)."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2014; 11: 506\u2013514.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Verg\u00e8s MC, Charles T, et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges [Erratum in: Microbiome. 2020; 8: 119]. Microbiome. 2020; 8: 103.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appanna VD. The Human Microbiome: The Origin. Human Microbes - The Power Within (pp. 1\u201336). Springer: Singapore. 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7684-8_1"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stencel A, Wloch-Salamon D. A pluralistic view of holobionts in the context of process ontology. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022; 13: 911577.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.911577"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Metchnikoff E. Lactic acid as inhibiting intestinal putrefaction. The prolongation of life: Optimistic studies (pp. 161\u2013183). W. Heinemann: London. 1907."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Tissier H. Traitement Des infections intestinales par lame \u0335\u0301thode de la flore bacte \u0335\u0301rienne de l\u2019intestin. Critical Reviews in Sociology and Biology. 1906; 60: 359\u2013361."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschos P, Ioakim K, Malandris K, Koukoufiki A, Nayfeh T, Akriviadis E, et al. Add-on interventions for the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides Difficile infection: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Anaerobe. 2021; 71: 102441.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102441"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su GL, Ko CW, Bercik P, Falck-Ytter Y, Sultan S, Weizman AV, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159: 697\u2013705.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leis R, de Castro M, de Lamas C, Pic\u00e1ns R, Couce ML. Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 1487.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051487"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang B, Lu T, Pei Y. Safety and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature and\/or low-birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational Pediatrics. 2022; 11: 249\u2013259.","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-27"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Campanella V, Syed J, Santacroce L, Saini R, Ballini A, Inchingolo F. Oral probiotics influence oral and respiratory tract infections in pediatric population: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2018; 22: 8034\u20138041."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodr\u00e9 CS, Vieira MS, Estefan JL, Moraes C, Cavalcante FS, Dos Santos KRN, et al. The effect of probiotics on the clinical status of adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. European Journal of Medical Research. 2022; 27: 94.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00713-z"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballini A, Santacroce L, Cantore S, Bottalico L, Dipalma G, Vito DD, et al. Probiotics Improve Urogenital Health in Women. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 6: 1845\u20131850.","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.406"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Ballini A, Cantore S, Saini R, Pettini F, Fotopoulou EA, Saini SR, et al. Effect of activated charcoal probiotic toothpaste containing Lactobacillus paracasei and xylitol on dental caries: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2019; 33: 977\u2013981."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Cantore S, Ballini A, De Vito D, Abbinante A, Altini V, Dipalma G, et al. Clinical results of improvement in periodontal condition by administration of oral probiotics. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2018; 32: 1329\u20131334."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Inchingolo F, Dipalma G, Cirulli N, Cantore S, Saini RS, Altini V, et al. Microbiological results of improvement in periodontal condition by administration of oral probiotics. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2018; 32: 1323\u20131328."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Munoz R, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Anticandidal Activities by Lactobacillus Species: An Update on Mechanisms of Action. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2021; 2: 689382.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.689382"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greifov\u00e1 G, M\u00e1jekov\u00e1 H, Greif G, Body P, Greifov\u00e1 M, Dubni\u010dkov\u00e1 M. Analysis of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory substances produced by heterofermentative Lactobacillus reuteri. Folia Microbiologica. 2017; 62: 515\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0524-9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CMAP, Harris HMB, Mattarelli P, et al. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2020; 70: 2782\u20132858.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badet C, Thebaud NB. Ecology of lactobacilli in the oral cavity: a review of literature. The Open Microbiology Journal. 2008; 2: 38\u201348.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285800802010038"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allonsius CN, van den Broek MFL, De Boeck I, Kiekens S, Oerlemans EFM, Kiekens F, et al. Interplay between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Candida and the involvement of exopolysaccharides. Microbial Biotechnology. 2017; 10: 1753\u20131763.","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12799"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulter WA, Murray SD, Kinirons MJ. The use of a concentrated oral rinse culture technique to sample oral candida and lactobacilli in children, and the relationship between candida and lactobacilli levels and dental caries experience: a pilot study. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 1993; 3: 17\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.1993.tb00042.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contaldo M, Lucchese A, Lajolo C, Rupe C, Di Stasio D, Romano A, et al. The Oral Microbiota Changes in Orthodontic Patients and Effects on Oral Health: An Overview. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10: 780.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040780"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Munoz R, Thompson A, Russell JT, Sobue T, Zhou Y, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Insights From the Lactobacillus johnsonii Genome Suggest the Production of Metabolites With Antibiofilm Activity Against the Pathobiont Candida albicans. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022; 13: 853762.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.853762"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aarti C, Khusro A, Varghese R, Arasu MV, Agastian P, Al-Dhabi NA, et al. In vitro investigation on probiotic, anti-Candida, and antibiofilm properties of Lactobacillus pentosus strain LAP1. Archives of Oral Biology. 2018; 89: 99\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.02.014"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2010; 8: 171\u2013184.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2297"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satpute SK, Kulkarni GR, Banpurkar AG, Banat IM, Mone NS, Patil RH, et al. Biosurfactant\/s from Lactobacilli species: Properties, challenges and potential biomedical applications. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2016; 56: 1140\u20131158.","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201600143"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhang K, Qi W, Zhou Y, Hong T, Xiong T, et al. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Enhances Colonic Mucosal Homeostasis by Controlling Epithelial Cell Differentiation and c-Jun\/Muc2 Signaling. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2019; 67: 9831\u20139839.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03939"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Ji H, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhang D, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Promotes Intestinal Barrier Function by Strengthening the Epithelium and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 1953.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01953"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allonsius CN, Vandenheuvel D, Oerlemans EFM, Petrova MI, Donders GGG, Cos P, et al. Inhibition of Candida albicans morphogenesis by chitinase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9: 2900.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39625-0"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro FC, Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, Santos JD, Fugisaki LRO, Le\u00e3o MPV, et al. Action mechanisms of probiotics on Candida spp. and candidiasis prevention: an update. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2020; 129: 175\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14511"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma A, Srivastava S. Anti-Candida activity of spent culture filtrate of Lactobacillus plantarum strain LR\/14. Journal De Mycologie Medicale. 2014; 24: e25\u2013e34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2013.11.001"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6gren J, Magnusson J, Broberg A, Schn\u00fcrer J, Kenne L. Antifungal 3-hydroxy fatty acids from Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 14. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69: 7554\u20137557.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.12.7554-7557.2003"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer L, Auchtung TA, Hermans KE, Whitehead D, Borhan B, Britton RA. The antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) induces oxidative stress via interaction with thiol groups. Microbiology. 2010; 156: 1589\u20131599.","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.035642-0"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Castillo Y, Montes RC, da Silva CR, Neto JBDA, Dias CDS, Brunna Sucupira Duarte A, et al. Antifungal Activity of N-(4-Halobenzyl)amides against Candida spp. and Molecular Modeling Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 23: 419.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010419"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2022; 3: 958480.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.958480"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"Wagner RD, Dohnalek M, Hilty M, Vazquez-Torres A, Balish E. Effects of probiotic bacteria on humoral immunity to Candida albicans in immunodeficient bg\/bg-nu\/nu and bg\/bg-nu\/+ mice. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2000; 17: 55\u201359."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado Galdeano C, Cazorla SI, Lemme Dumit JM, V\u00e9lez E, Perdig\u00f3n G. Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2019; 74: 115\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Rodr\u00edguez-Bueno CP, Abreu Y Abreu AT, Guarner F, Guno MJV, Pehlivano\u011flu E, Perez M. Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review. Advances in Therapy. 2022; 39: 4854\u20134874.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02285-0"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghelardi E, Abreu Y Abreu AT, Marzet CB, \u00c1lvarez Calatayud G, Perez M Moschione Castro AP, et al. Current Progress and Future Perspectives on the Use of Bacillus clausii. Microorganisms. 2022; 10: 1246.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061246"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"He T, Priebe MG, Zhong Y, Huang C, Harmsen HJM, Raangs GC, et al. Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008; 104: 595\u2013604."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, Dohnalek M, Hilty M, Balish E. Probiotic effects of feeding heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei to Candida albicans-colonized immunodeficient mice. Journal of food protection. 2002; 63: 638\u2013644.","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.5.638"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yachha SK, Sarma MS, Mohan N, Wadhwa N, Kumar Vr N, Srinivasan R, et al. Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines for Probiotic Use in Childhood Diarrhea. Indian Pediatrics. 2022; 59: 543\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-022-2557-7"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czerucka D, Rampal P. Diversity of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mechanisms of action against intestinal infections. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2019; 25: 2188\u20132203.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i18.2188"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasowska A, Murzyn A, Dyjankiewicz A, \u0141ukaszewicz M, Dziadkowiec D. The antagonistic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on Candida albicans filamentation, adhesion and biofilm formation. FEMS Yeast Research. 2009; 9: 1312\u20131321.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2009.00559.x"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murzyn A, Krasowska A, Stefanowicz P, Dziadkowiec D, \u0141ukaszewicz M. Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5: e12050.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012050"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunyeit L, K A A, Rao RP. Application of Probiotic Yeasts on Candida Species Associated Infection. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6: 189.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040189"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pericolini E, Gabrielli E, Ballet N, Sabbatini S, Roselletti E, Cayzeele Decherf A, et al. Therapeutic activity of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic and inactivated whole yeast on vaginal candidiasis. Virulence. 2017; 8: 74\u201390.","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1213937"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunyeit L, Kurrey NK, Anu-Appaiah KA, Rao RP. Probiotic Yeasts Inhibit Virulence of Non-albicans Candida Species. mBio. 2019; 10: e02307\u201319.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02307-19"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sookkhee S, Chulasiri M, Prachyabrued W. Lactic acid bacteria from healthy oral cavity of Thai volunteers: inhibition of oral pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001; 90: 172\u2013179.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01229.x"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen MR, Kragelund C, Jensen P\u00d8, Keller MK, Twetman S. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has antifungal effects on oral Candida species in vitro. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 2017; 9: 1274582.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2016.1274582"},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Denkova RV, Yanakieva Z, Denkova V, Nikolova V, Radeva V. In vitro inhibitory activity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2013; 16: 186\u2212197."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew SY, Cheah YK, Seow HF, Sandai D, Than LTL. In vitro modulation of probiotic bacteria on the biofilm of Candida glabrata. Anaerobe. 2015; 34: 132\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.05.009"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, Dohnalek M, Farmer J, Roberts L, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Infection and Immunity. 1997; 65: 4165\u20134172.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4165-4172.1997"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"Wagner RD, Warner T, Pierson C, Roberts L, Farmer J, Dohnalek M, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of Bifidobacterium spp. on orogastric and systemic candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 1998; 15: 265\u2013270."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L, Zhou M, Young A, Zhao W, Yan Z. In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2019; 19: 140.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0841-2"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatakka K, Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Richardson M, Poussa T, Meurman JH, et al. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly\u2013a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research. 2007; 86: 125\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600204"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller MK, Kragelund C. Randomized pilot study on probiotic effects on recurrent candidiasis in oral lichen planus patients. Oral Diseases. 2018; 24: 1107\u20131114.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12858"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft-Bodi E, J\u00f8rgensen MR, Keller MK, Kragelund C, Twetman S. Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Oral Candida in Frail Elderly. Journal of Dental Research. 2015; 94: 181S\u20136S.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515595950"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li D, Li Q, Liu C, Lin M, Li X, Xiao X, et al. Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of Candida-associated stomatitis. Mycoses. 2014; 57: 141\u2013146.","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12116"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Jornet P, Soler Tornero C. Is Lactobacillus reuteri administration beneficial to oral candida levels? International Journal of Dermatology. 2018; 57: e5\u2013e7.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13847"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a FHBP, Santos SSFD, Faria IDSD, Gon\u00e7alves e Silva CR, Jorge AOC, Le\u00e3o MVP. Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2012; 23: 534\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500011"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishikawa KH, Mayer MPA, Miyazima TY, Matsubara VH, Silva EG, Paula CR, et al. A multispecies probiotic reduces oral Candida colonization in denture wearers. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015; 24: 194\u2013199.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12198"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyazima TY, Ishikawa KH, Mayer M, Saad S, Nakamae A. Cheese supplemented with probiotics reduced the Candida levels in denture wearers-RCT. Oral Diseases. 2017; 23: 919\u2013925.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12669"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rane DJ, Nayakar R, Harakuni S, Patil R. To evaluate the effect of probiotics on the prevalence of oral Candida organisms in denture wearers: An in vivo study. Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research. 2018; 11: 136\u2013145.","DOI":"10.4103\/kleuhsj.kleuhsj_240_17"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton JP, Drummond BK, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR, Thomson WM, Hale JDF, et al. Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2013; 62: 875\u2013884.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.056663-0"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petti S, Tarsitani G, D\u2019Arca AS. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of yoghurt on the human salivary microflora. Archives of Oral Biology. 2001; 46: 705\u2013712.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00033-4"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutula J, Coulthwaite LA, Thomas LV, Verran J. The effect of a commercial probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on oral health in healthy dentate people. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2013; 24.","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v24i0.21003"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar S, Bansal A, Chakrabarti A, Singhi S. Evaluation of efficacy of probiotics in prevention of candida colonization in a PICU-a randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 41: 565\u2013572.","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826a409c"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nirmala M, Smitha SG, Kamath GJ. A Study to Assess The Efficacy of Local Application of Oral Probiotic in Treating Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer and Oral Candidiasis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2019; 71: 113\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-017-1139-9"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu L, Mao Q, Zhou P, Lv X, Hua H, Yan Z. Effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 with nystatin on oral candidiasis-RCT. Oral Diseases. 2019; 25: 1573\u20131580.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13142"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doppalapudi R, Vundavalli S, Prabhat MP. Effect of probiotic bacteria on oral Candida in head- and neck-radiotherapy patients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2020; 16: 470\u2013477.","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_334_18"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 2012; 5: 111\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11428502"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirel G, Celik IH, Erdeve O, Saygan S, Dilmen U, Canpolat FE. Prophylactic Saccharomyces boulardii versus nystatin for the prevention of fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection in premature infants. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 172: 1321\u20131326.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2041-4"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roselletti E, Sabbatini S, Ballet N, Perito S, Pericolini E, Blasi E, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 as a New Therapeutic Agent Against Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10: 1469.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01469"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibasaki S, Aoki W, Nomura T, Miyoshi A, Tafuku S, Sewaki T, et al. An oral vaccine against candidiasis generated by a yeast molecular display system. Pathogens and Disease. 2013; 69: 262\u2013268.","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12068"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibasaki S, Ueda M. Oral Vaccine Development by Molecular Display Methods Using Microbial Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2016; 1404: 497\u2013509.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3389-1_32"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulacio L, Paz M, Ramad\u00e1n S, Ramos L, Pairoba C, Sortino M, et al. Oral infections caused by yeasts in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Identification of the yeasts and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility. Journal De Mycologie Medicale. 2012; 22: 348\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2012.08.002"},{"key":"ref106","unstructured":"Wadhwa A, Kaur R, Bhalla P. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a cause of oral thrush & diarrhoea in an HIV\/AIDS patient. Tropical Gastroenterology. 2010; 31: 227\u2013228."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/FBE\/15\/1\/10.31083\/j.fbe1501006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T10:57:30Z","timestamp":1732705050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/FBE\/15\/1\/10.31083\/j.fbe1501006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"alternative-id":["S1945-0494(22)00099-6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbe1501006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-0494","1945-0508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-0494","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-0508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"article-number":"6"}}