{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:25:54Z","timestamp":1790267154695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Endometriosis patients exhibit a cancer-like glycolytic phenotype. The pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)\/hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) axis plays important roles in glycolysis-related diseases, but its role in patients with endometrial polyps (EPs) combined with endometriosis has not been validated. Methods: EP samples were collected from patients with and without endometriosis. PKM2, HIF-1\u03b1, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) levels were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and\/or immunofluorescence. Primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and non-endometriotic patient-derived ESCs (NESCs) were isolated from patients with EP with or without endometriosis. PKM2 loss-of-function assays in ESCs and gain-of-function assays in NESCs were performed to assess the function of PKM2. The effects of PKM2 and TGF-\u03b21 on the promoter activity of HIF-1\u03b1 were determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results: PKM2 was overexpressed in ESCs compared to NESCs. Furthermore, PKM2 knockdown repressed viability, decreased migration and invasion, and restrained glycolysis of ESCs, accompanied by reduced HIF-1\u03b1 levels and weakened promoter activity of HIF-1\u03b1. In addition, PKM2 overexpression had the opposite effect on these indicators in NESCs. Of note, an anti-TGF-\u03b21 Ab reversed the PKM2-overexpression-mediated effects on cell viability, migration, and invasion, but not glycolysis or HIF-1\u03b1 promoter activity, in NESCs. Additionally, PKM2, HIF-1\u03b1, and TGF-\u03b21 levels were higher in EP samples with endometriosis than in EP samples without endometriosis, and there were positive correlations between PKM2, HIF-1\u03b1, and TGF-\u03b21 IHC scores in all EP samples. Conclusions: PKM2\/HIF-1\u03b1-axis-dependent glycolysis participates in the pathogenesis of EP combined with endometriosis by mediating TGF-\u03b21 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2912417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T06:37:01Z","timestamp":1735540621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The PKM2\/HIF-1\u03b1 Axis is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis via TGF-\u03b21 under Endometrial Polyps"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jianjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Dongying People\u2019s Hospital, 257091 Dongying, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Dongying People\u2019s Hospital, 257091 Dongying, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Dongying People\u2019s Hospital, 257091 Dongying, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nezhat C, Khoyloo F, Tsuei A, Armani E, Page B, Rduch T, et al. 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