{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:01:54Z","timestamp":1782298914502,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gambling Disorder (GD) is a behavioral addiction listed within the diagnostic category of substance-related and addictive disorders. Recently, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which non-invasively stimulates the brain and has neuromodulatory properties, has emerged as an innovative treatment tool for GD, thus offering a new option for the management of this complex disorder. The present review explored the efficacy of TMS as a possible non-pharmacological treatment for GD. Methods: An exhaustive search was performed across the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases using a specific search string related to GD and TMS. A total of 20 papers were selected for full-text examination, out of which eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were therefore systematically analyzed in the present review. Results: This review included eight studies: three randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), three non-controlled studies, one case series, and one case report. Two cross-over RCTs described a decrease in craving after high-frequency (excitatory), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively; another study applying low-frequency (inhibitory) rTMS on the right DLPFC did not find any positive effect on craving. Among uncontrolled studies, one demonstrated the beneficial effect of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC, while another showed the efficacy of a continuous theta burst stimulation protocol directed over the pre-supplementary motor area, bilaterally. Conclusion: The included studies showed the promising effect of excitatory stimulation over the left PFC. However, further investigation is needed, particularly in terms of standardizing stimulation protocols and psychometric assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2206164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T08:01:05Z","timestamp":1700812865000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Concerto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Salvina","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Chiarenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Ciancio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Di","family":"Francesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Mineo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rodolico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Torrisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Caponnetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Petralia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijker R, Booth N, Merkouris SS, Dowling NA, Rodda SN. 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