{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:35:01Z","timestamp":1780079701104,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Sciences and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["112-2410-H-002 -252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2410-H-002 -252"]}]},{"name":"National Sciences and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["109-2423-H-002-004 -MY4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2423-H-002-004 -MY4"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a form of noninvasive transcranial electrical stimulation that applies alternating current in various randomized frequencies to the cortex, thereby improving cognitive functioning in multiple domains. However, the precise mechanism of tRNS, as well as its impact on human electroencephalography (EEG), remains unclear. This is partly because most studies have used tRNS in conjunction with a cognitive task, making it difficult to tease apart whether the observed changes in EEG are a result of tRNS, the cognitive task, or their interaction. Methods: Forty-nine healthy individuals participated in this study and were randomly assigned to active tRNS (n = 24) and sham (n = 25) groups. tRNS was delivered for 20 minutes over Fp1\/Fp2 and Oz. Resting-state EEG data were collected before and after either tRNS or sham stimulation. Results: Cluster-based permutation tests using FieldTrip revealed no frequency-specific effect of tRNS on resting-state EEG data across four frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta, gamma). Conclusions: These observations suggest that tRNS itself does not target or alter specific EEG frequencies. Rather, tRNS most likely interacts with the cognitive task\/activity at hand to produce an observable difference in post-tRNS EEG. Positive tRNS-EEG findings from previous studies are also likely to have resulted from the interactive and cognitive activity-dependent nature of tRNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2303059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T02:30:59Z","timestamp":1711074659000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["No Frequency-Specific Effect of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation on Resting EEG"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shih-Chiang","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hui","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Mind, Brain & Learning, National Chengchi University, 11605 Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedla JS, Sangadala DR, Reddy RS, Gular K, Dixit S. High-definition trans cranial direct current stimulation and its effects on cognitive function: a systematic review. Cerebral Cortex. 2023; 33: 6077\u20136089.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac485"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satorres E, Mel\u00e9ndez JC, Pitarque A, Real E, Abella M, Escudero J. Enhancing Immediate Memory, Potential Learning, and Working Memory with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Healthy Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19: 12716.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912716"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morya E, Monte-Silva K, Bikson M, Esmaeilpour Z, Biazoli CE, Jr, Fonseca A, et al. Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2019; 16: 141.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017; 128: 56\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreau D, Wang CH, Tseng P, Juan CH. Blending transcranial direct current stimulations and physical exercise to maximize cognitive improvement. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6: 678.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00678"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoy KE, Emonson MRL, Arnold SL, Thomson RH, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Testing the limits: Investigating the effect of tDCS dose on working memory enhancement in healthy controls. Neuropsychologia. 2013; 51: 1777\u20131784.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.018"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng P, Hsu TY, Chang CF, Tzeng OJL, Hung DL, Muggleton NG, et al. Unleashing potential: transcranial direct current stimulation over the right posterior parietal cortex improves change detection in low-performing individuals. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2012; 32: 10554\u201310561.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0362-12.2012"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee TL, Lee H, Kang N. A meta-analysis showing improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults with transcranial alternating current stimulation. NPJ Science of Learning. 2023; 8: 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-022-00152-9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klink K, Pa\u00dfmann S, Kasten FH, Peter J. The Modulation of Cognitive Performance with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Systematic Review of Frequency-Specific Effects. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10: 932.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120932"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng P, Iu KC, Juan CH. The critical role of phase difference in theta oscillation between bilateral parietal cortices for visuospatial working memory. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8: 349.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18449-w"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli AV, Yun K. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Mechanisms and Protocols. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017; 11: 214.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00214"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antal A, Paulus W. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013; 7: 317.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00317"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaehle T, Rach S, Herrmann CS. Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5: e13766.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013766"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulus W. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES - tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 2011; 21: 602\u2013617.","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.557292"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antal A, Herrmann CS. Transcranial Alternating Current and Random Noise Stimulation: Possible Mechanisms. Neural Plasticity. 2016; 2016: 3616807.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penton T, Dixon L, Evans LJ, Banissy MJ. Emotion perception improvement following high frequency transcranial random noise stimulation of the inferior frontal cortex. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 11278.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11578-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang T, Banissy MJ. Enhancing anger perception in older adults by stimulating inferior frontal cortex with high frequency transcranial random noise stimulation. Neuropsychologia. 2017; 102: 163\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.017"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanska A, Rezlescu C, Susilo T, Duchaine B, Banissy MJ. High-Frequency Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation Enhances Perception of Facial Identity. Cerebral Cortex. 2015; 25: 4334\u20134340.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv016"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contemori G, Trotter Y, Cottereau BR, Maniglia M. tRNS boosts perceptual learning in peripheral vision. Neuropsychologia. 2019; 125: 129\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fertonani A, Pirulli C, Miniussi C. Random noise stimulation improves neuroplasticity in perceptual learning. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2011; 31: 15416\u201315423.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2002-11.2011"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terney D, Chaieb L, Moliadze V, Antal A, Paulus W. Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2008; 28: 14147\u201314155.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaieb L, Paulus W, Antal A. Evaluating aftereffects of short-duration transcranial random noise stimulation on cortical excitability. Neural Plasticity. 2011; 2011: 105927.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/105927"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inukai Y, Saito K, Sasaki R, Tsuiki S, Miyaguchi S, Kojima S, et al. Comparison of Three Non-Invasive Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Methods for Increasing Cortical Excitability. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2016; 10: 668.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00668"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeckert J, Lasser C, Pross B, Hasan A, Strube W. Comparative study of motor cortical excitability changes following anodal tDCS or high-frequency tRNS in relation to stimulation duration. Physiological Reports. 2020; 8: e14595.","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14595"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrus GG, Paulus W, Antal A. Cutaneous perception thresholds of electrical stimulation methods: comparison of tDCS and tRNS. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010; 121: 1908\u20131914.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesenfeld K, Moss F. Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs. Nature. 1995; 373: 33\u201336.","DOI":"10.1038\/373033a0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss F, Ward LM, Sannita WG. Stochastic resonance and sensory information processing: a tutorial and review of application. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004; 115: 267\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.09.014"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onorato I, D\u2019Alessandro G, Di Castro MA, Renzi M, Dobrowolny G, Musar\u00f2 A, et al. Noise Enhances Action Potential Generation in Mouse Sensory Neurons via Stochastic Resonance. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11: e0160950.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160950"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remedios L, Mabil P, Flores-Hern\u00e1ndez J, Torres-Ram\u00edrez O, Huidobro N, Castro G, et al. Effects of Short-Term Random Noise Electrical Stimulation on Dissociated Pyramidal Neurons from the Cerebral Cortex. Neuroscience. 2019; 404: 371\u2013386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.035"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaieb L, Antal A, Paulus W. Transcranial random noise stimulation-induced plasticity is NMDA-receptor independent but sodium-channel blocker and benzodiazepines sensitive. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2015; 9: 125.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00125"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usher M, Feingold M. Stochastic resonance in the speed of memory retrieval. Biological Cybernetics. 2000; 83: L11\u2013L16.","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007974"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Groen O, Wenderoth N. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation of Visual Cortex: Stochastic Resonance Enhances Central Mechanisms of Perception. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2016; 36: 5289\u20135298.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4519-15.2016"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes J, Byrne EM, Gathercole SE, Ewbank MP. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation Does Not Enhance the Effects of Working Memory Training. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2016; 28: 1471\u20131483.","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00993"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis ML, Costantino AI, Nitsche MA, Palermo R, Rivolta D. Anodal tDCS and High-Frequency tRNS Targeting the Occipitotemporal Cortex Do Not Always Enhance Face Perception. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019; 13: 78.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00078"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rufener KS, Kauk J, Ruhnau P, Repplinger S, Heil P, Zaehle T. Inconsistent effects of stochastic resonance on human auditory processing. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10: 6419.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63332-w"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Doren J, Langguth B, Schecklmann M. Electroencephalographic effects of transcranial random noise stimulation in the auditory cortex. Brain Stimulation. 2014; 7: 807\u2013812.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.08.007"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rufener KS, Ruhnau P, Heinze HJ, Zaehle T. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) Shapes the Processing of Rapidly Changing Auditory Information. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017; 11: 162.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00162"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rufener KS, Geyer U, Janitzky K, Heinze HJ, Zaehle T. Modulating auditory selective attention by non-invasive brain stimulation: Differential effects of transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2018; 48: 2301\u20132309.","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14128"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harty S, Cohen Kadosh R. Suboptimal Engagement of High-Level Cortical Regions Predicts Random-Noise-Related Gains in Sustained Attention. Psychological Science. 2019; 30: 1318\u20131332.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619856658"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheffield JG, Raz G, Sella F, Kadosh RC. How can noise alter neurophysiology in order to improve human behaviour? A combined transcranial random noise stimulation and electroencephalography study. BioRxiv. 2020. (preprint)","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.09.900118"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghin F, O\u2019Hare L, Pavan A. Electrophysiological aftereffects of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS): an EEG investigation. Experimental Brain Research. 2021; 239: 2399\u20132418.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06142-4"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prete G, Laeng B, Tommasi L. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over prefrontal cortex does not influence the evaluation of facial emotions. Social Neuroscience. 2019; 14: 676\u2013680.","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2018.1546226"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dond\u00e9 C, Brevet-Aeby C, Poulet E, Mondino M, Brunelin J. Potential impact of bifrontal transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on the semantic Stroop effect and its resting-state EEG correlates. Neurophysiologie Clinique. 2019; 49: 243\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.03.002"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoisswohl S, Langguth B, Gebel N, Poeppl TB, Kreuzer PM, Schecklmann M. Electrophysiological evaluation of high and low-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation over the auditory cortex. Progress in Brain Research. 2021; 263: 95\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.08.009"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglini L, Casco C, Fertonani A, Miniussi C, Di Ponzio M, Vicovaro M. Noise in the brain: Transcranial random noise stimulation and perceptual noise act on a stochastic resonance-like mechanism. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2023; 57: 2097\u20132111.","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15965"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moliadze V, Atalay D, Antal A, Paulus W. Close to threshold transcranial electrical stimulation preferentially activates inhibitory networks before switching to excitation with higher intensities. Brain Stimulation. 2012; 5: 505\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.11.004"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2004; 134: 9\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oostenveld R, Fries P, Maris E, Schoffelen JM. FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2011; 2011: 156869.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng P, Chang YT, Chang CF, Liang WK, Juan CH. The critical role of phase difference in gamma oscillation within the temporoparietal network for binding visual working memory. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6: 32138.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32138"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahu PP, Tseng P. Frontoparietal theta tACS nonselectively enhances encoding, maintenance, and retrieval stages in visuospatial working memory. Neuroscience Research. 2021; 172: 41\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2021.05.005"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potok W, van der Groen O, B\u00e4chinger M, Edwards D, Wenderoth N. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation Modulates Neural Processing of Sensory and Motor Circuits, from Potential Cellular Mechanisms to Behavior: A Scoping Review. eNeuro. 2022; 9: ENEURO.0248-21.2021.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0248-21.2021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Groen O, Potok W, Wenderoth N, Edwards G, Mattingley JB, Edwards D. Using noise for the better: The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on the brain and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2022; 138: 104702.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104702"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brancucci A, Rivolta D, Nitsche MA, Manippa V. The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on motor function: A comprehensive review of the literature. Physiology & Behavior. 2023; 261: 114073.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putman P, van Peer J, Maimari I, van der Werff S. EEG theta\/beta ratio in relation to fear-modulated response-inhibition, attentional control, and affective traits. Biological Psychology. 2010; 83: 73\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.10.008"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelidis A, van der Does W, Schakel L, Putman P. Frontal EEG theta\/beta ratio as an electrophysiological marker for attentional control and its test-retest reliability. Biological Psychology. 2016; 121: 49\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.09.008"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behzadnia A, Ghoshuni M, Chermahini SA. EEG activities and the sustained attention performance. Neurophysiology. 2017; 49: 226\u2013233.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-017-9675-1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause B, Dresler M, Looi CY, Sarkar A, Cohen Kadosh R. Neuroenhancement of High-Level Cognition: Evidence for Homeostatic Constraints of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2019; 3: 388\u2013395.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-019-00126-7"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell MD, Abbott D. What is stochastic resonance? Definitions, misconceptions, debates, and its relevance to biology. PLoS Computational Biology. 2009; 5: e1000348.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000348"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalev N, De Wandel L, Dockree P, Demeyere N, Chechlacz M. Beyond time and space: The effect of a lateralized sustained attention task and brain stimulation on spatial and selective attention. Cortex. 2018; 107: 131\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.09.009"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappelletti M, Gessaroli E, Hithersay R, Mitolo M, Didino D, Kanai R, et al. Transfer of cognitive training across magnitude dimensions achieved with concurrent brain stimulation of the parietal lobe. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2013; 33: 14899\u201314907.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1692-13.2013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy OW, Hoy KE, Wong D, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB, Segrave RA. Transcranial random noise stimulation is more effective than transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing working memory in healthy individuals: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. Brain Stimulation. 2020; 13: 1370\u20131380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.001"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglini L, Contemori G, Fertonani A, Miniussi C, Coccaro A, Casco C. Excitatory and inhibitory lateral interactions effects on contrast detection are modulated by tRNS. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9: 19274.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55602-z"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Mauri, P., Miniussi, C., Balconi, M., Brignani, D., Bursts of high frequency random noise stimulation (tRNS) increase arousal in a discriminative reaction time task. Neuropsychological Trends. 2014; 2014: 107."}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/3\/10.31083\/j.jin2303059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T16:31:08Z","timestamp":1732725068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/3\/10.31083\/j.jin2303059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S0219-6352(23)00694-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.jin2303059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-6352","1757-448X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-6352","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-448X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"article-number":"59"}}