{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:03:51Z","timestamp":1792249431327,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evidence of brain\u2013gut interconnections in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) opens novel avenues for the treatment of a pathology for which no definitive treatment exists. Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation may produce peripheral inflammation and immune modulation, contributing to brain amyloidosis, neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficits in AD. The gut microbiota can be used as a potential therapeutic target in AD. In particular, photobiomodulation (PBM) can affect the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system, providing a potential explanation for its restorative properties in AD-associated dysbiosis. PBM is a safe, non-invasive, non-ionizing, and non-thermal therapy that uses red or near-infrared light to stimulate the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO, complex IV), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, resulting in adenosine triphosphate synthesis. The association of the direct application of PBM to the head with an abscopal and a systemic treatment through simultaneous application to the abdomen provides an innovative therapeutic approach to AD by targeting various components of this highly complex pathology. As a hypothesis, PBM might have a significant role in the therapeutic options available for the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2305092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T04:36:45Z","timestamp":1715315805000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease Made Possible by the Evidence of a Brain\u2013Gut Interconnection"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Blivet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REGEnLIFE, 75008 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois J.","family":"Roman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FRconsulting, 34800 Clermont l\u2019H\u00e9rault, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lelouvier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaiomer, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Ribi\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaiomer, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Touchon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budd Haeberlein S, Aisen PS, Barkhof F, Chalkias S, Chen T, Cohen S, et al. Two Randomized Phase 3 Studies of Aducanumab in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2022; 9: 197\u2013210.","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.30"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, Bateman RJ, Chen C, Gee M, et al. Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2023; 388: 9\u201321.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and the microbiome. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2013; 7: 153.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00153"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang SS, Jeraldo PR, Kurti A, Miller MEB, Cook MD, Whitlock K, et al. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2014; 9: 36.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-36"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kasper LH. The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2014; 38: 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Distrutti E, O\u2019Reilly JA, McDonald C, Cipriani S, Renga B, Lynch MA, et al. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9: e106503.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106503"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, et al. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 13537.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heston MB, Hanslik KL, Zarbock KR, Harding SJ, Davenport-Sis NJ, Kerby RL, et al. Gut inflammation associated with age and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: a human cohort study. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13: 18924.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45929-z"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee RL, Funk KE. Imaging blood-brain barrier disruption in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2023; 15: 1144036.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1144036"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassano P, Petrie SR, Hamblin MR, Henderson TA, Iosifescu DV. Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. Neurophotonics. 2016; 3: 031404.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.3.031404"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophysics. 2017; 4: 337\u2013361.","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muili KA, Gopalakrishnan S, Meyer SL, Eells JT, Lyons JA. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL\/6 mice by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e30655.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030655"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagheri M, Amini A, Abdollahifar MA, Ghoreishi SK, Piryaei A, Pouriran R, et al. Effects of Photobiomodulation on Degranulation and Number of Mast Cells and Wound Strength in Skin Wound Healing of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2018; 36: 415\u2013423.","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4453"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khuman J, Zhang J, Park J, Carroll JD, Donahue C, Whalen MJ. Low-level laser light therapy improves cognitive deficits and inhibits microglial activation after controlled cortical impact in mice. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2012; 29: 408\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1745"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song JW, Li K, Liang ZW, Dai C, Shen XF, Gong YZ, et al. Low-level laser facilitates alternatively activated macrophage\/microglia polarization and promotes functional recovery after crush spinal cord injury in rats. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 620.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00553-6"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulin TDES, Estadella D. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its relationship with the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 2023; 60: 144\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.202301000-17"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng K, Shuai M, Zhang Z, Jiang Z, Fu Y, Shen L, et al. Temporal relationship among adiposity, gut microbiota, and insulin resistance in a longitudinal human cohort. BMC Medicine. 2022; 20: 171.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02376-3"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Sun B, Yu D, Zhu C. Gut Microbiota: An Important Player in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2022; 12: 834485.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834485"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burillo J, Marqu\u00e9s P, Jim\u00e9nez B, Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanco C, Benito M, Guill\u00e9n C. Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells. 2021; 10: 1236.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051236"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Berardi S, Scarpona S, Suchodolski JS, Nasuti C, et al. Microbiota modulation counteracts Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression influencing neuronal proteolysis and gut hormones plasma levels. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 2426.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02587-2"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes S, Martins I, Fonseca ACRG, Oliveira CR, Resende R, Pereira CMF. Protective effect of leptin and ghrelin against toxicity induced by amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers in a hypothalamic cell line. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2014; 26: 176\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12138"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roager HM, Licht TR. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nature Communications. 2018; 9: 3294.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson G, Vaillancourt C, Maes M, Reiter RJ. Breastfeeding and the gut-brain axis: is there a role for melatonin? Biomolecular Concepts. 2017; 8: 185\u2013195.","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2017-0009"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetel MJ, de Vries GJ, Melcangi RC, Panzica G, O\u2019Mahony SM. Steroids, stress and the gut microbiome-brain axis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2018; 30: e12548.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12548"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsythe P, Bienenstock J, Kunze WA. Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2014; 817: 115\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_5"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei Y, Lu Y, Li H, Jiang C, Wang L. Gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in subjects with cognitive impairments: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2023; 15: 1174599.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1174599"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicastro L, T\u00fckel \u00c7. Bacterial Amyloids: The Link between Bacterial Infections and Autoimmunity. Trends in Microbiology. 2019; 27: 954\u2013963.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.07.002"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma A, Martins IJ. The role of Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health. 2023; 7: 108\u2013118.","DOI":"10.31080\/ASNH.2023.07.1272"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Galluzzi S, Provasi S, Lopizzo N, Festari C, et al. Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly. Neurobiology of Aging. 2017; 49: 60\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claeysen S. Modulation du microbiote intestinal comme nouvelle voie th\u00e9rapeutique contre la maladie d\u2019Alzheimer. Revue Neurologique. 2022; 178: S149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2022.02.024"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bicknell B, Liebert A, Borody T, Herkes G, McLachlan C, Kiat H. Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24: 9577.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119577"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao S, Chan P, Wang T, Hong Z, Wang S, Kuang W, et al. A 36-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 clinical trial of sodium oligomannate for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy. 2021; 13: 62.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00795-7"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Sun G, Feng T, Zhang J, Huang X, Wang T, et al. Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression. Cell Research. 2019; 29: 787\u2013803.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0216-x"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paramsothy S, Kamm MA, Kaakoush NO, Walsh AJ, van den Bogaerde J, Samuel D, et al. Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017; 389: 1218\u20131228.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun MF, Zhu YL, Zhou ZL, Jia XB, Xu YD, Yang Q, et al. Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4\/TNF-\u03b1 signaling pathway. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2018; 70: 48\u201360.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.005"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazan S. Rapid improvement in Alzheimer\u2019s disease symptoms following fecal microbiota transplantation: a case report. The Journal of International Medical Research. 2020; 48: 300060520925930.","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520925930"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park SH, Lee JH, Shin J, Kim JS, Cha B, Lee S, et al. Cognitive function improvement after fecal microbiota transplantation in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia patient: a case report. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2021; 37: 1739\u20131744.","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1957807"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco NJ, Maddox WT, Gonzalez-Lima F. Improving executive function using transcranial infrared laser stimulation. Journal of Neuropsychology. 2017; 11: 14\u201325.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12074"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, O\u2019Connor P, Liu H, Gonzalez-Lima F. Cognitive Enhancement by Transcranial Photobiomodulation Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019; 13: 1129.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01129"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan AS, Lee TL, Hamblin MR, Cheung MC. Photobiomodulation Enhances Memory Processing in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2021; 83: 1471\u20131480.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201600"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nizamutdinov D, Qi X, Berman MH, Dougal G, Dayawansa S, Wu E, et al. Transcranial Near Infrared Light Stimulations Improve Cognition in Patients with Dementia. Aging and Disease. 2021; 12: 954\u2013963.","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0229"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougal G, Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. Effect of Transcranial Near-Infrared Light 1068\u2009nm Upon Memory Performance in Aging Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2021; 39: 654\u2013660.","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2020.4956"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Karu TI, Riabykh TP, Fedoseeva GE, Puchkova NI. Effect of He-Ne laser radiation on the chemiluminescence of mouse spleen cells. Radiobiologiia. 1989; 29: 230\u2013234. (In Russian)"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Tiflova OA, Karu TI. Effect of He-Ne laser radiation on the bacteriophage T4-Escherichia coli system. Radiobiologiia. 1989; 29: 278\u2013280."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YY, Chen ACH, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. Dose-Response. 2009; 7: 358\u2013383.","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.09-027.Hamblin"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update. Dose-Response. 2011; 9: 602\u2013618.","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-009.Hamblin"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sousa NTA, Gomes RC, Santos MF, Brandino HE, Martinez R, de Jesus Guirro RR. Red and infrared laser therapy inhibits in vitro growth of major bacterial species that commonly colonize skin ulcers. Lasers in Medical Science. 2016; 31: 549\u2013556.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1907-x"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Touchon J AL, Meunier J, Ceolin L, Roman FJ, Burcelin R, Blivet GJ. The neuroprotective effect of a new photobiomodulation technique on A\u03b225-35 peptide-induced toxicity dramatically impact gut microbiota dysbiosis. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2018; 5: S29\u2013S30."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuda TY, Tanji MM, Silva SR, Sato MN, Plapler H. Infrared low-level diode laser on inflammatory process modulation in mice: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Lasers in Medical Science. 2013; 28: 1305\u20131313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1231-z"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes KPS, Souza NHC, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Silva DDFTD, Rocha LA, Alves AN, et al. Photobiomodulation with 660-nm and 780-nm laser on activated J774 macrophage-like cells: Effect on M1 inflammatory markers. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2015; 153: 344\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.015"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bicknell B, Liebert A, Johnstone D, Kiat H. Photobiomodulation of the microbiome: implications for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Lasers in Medical Science. 2019; 34: 317\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2594-6"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benichou Haziot C, Birak KS. Therapeutic Potential of Microbiota Modulation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review of Preclinical Studies. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Reports. 2023; 7: 415\u2013431.","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220097"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, Franceschi F, Miggiano GAD, Gasbarrini A, et al. What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms. 2019; 7: 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q, Wu J, Dong X, Yin H, Shi X, Su S, et al. Gut flora-targeted photobiomodulation therapy improves senile dementia in an A\u00df-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease animal model. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2021; 216: 112152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112152"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roubaud Baudron C, Varon C, M\u00e9graud F, Salles N. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Helicobacter pylori infection: a possible link? Geriatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie Du Vieillissement. 2016; 14: 86\u201394. (In French)","DOI":"10.1684\/pnv.2016.0584"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M, Cao J, Amakye WK, Gong C, Li Q, Ren J. Mid infrared light treatment attenuates cognitive decline and alters the gut microbiota community in APP\/PS1 mouse model. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2020; 523: 60\u201365.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.015"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou Z, Deng L, Lu Z, Wu F, Liu W, Huang D, et al. Protective effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2020; 10: 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-0115-8"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long Y, Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Zhu H. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Medicine. 2023; 21: 66.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02761-6"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leiva-Gea I, S\u00e1nchez-Alcoholado L, Mart\u00edn-Tejedor B, Castellano-Castillo D, Moreno-Indias I, Urda-Cardona A, et al. Gut Microbiota Differs in Composition and Functionality Between Children With Type 1 Diabetes and MODY2 and Healthy Control Subjects: A Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41: 2385\u20132395.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0253"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh SD, Sun N, Canakis A, Park WY, Weber HC. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12: 2558.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072558"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings JL, Tong G, Ballard C. Treatment Combinations for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current and Future Pharmacotherapy Options. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD. 2019; 67: 779\u2013794.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180766"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry: codevelopment of two or more unmarketed investigational drugs for use in combination. 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/drugs\/guidances\/ucm236669.pdf (Accessed: 5 June 2020)."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borbolis F, Mytilinaiou E, Palikaras K. The Crosstalk between Microbiome and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Neurodegeneration. Cells. 2023; 12: 429.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030429"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picard M, McEwen BS. Mitochondria impact brain function and cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111: 7\u20138.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321881111"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro JP, Wardelmann K, Grune T, Kleinridders A. Mitochondrial Chaperones in the Brain: Safeguarding Brain Health and Metabolism? Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018; 9: 196.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00196"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhao F, Ma X, Perry G, Zhu X. Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recent advances. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2020; 15: 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morton H, Kshirsagar S, Orlov E, Bunquin LE, Sawant N, Boleng L, et al. Defective mitophagy and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on aging, mitochondria and synapse. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2021; 172: 652\u2013667.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.013"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bano D, Ehninger D, Bagetta G. Decoding metabolic signatures in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a mitochondrial perspective. Cell Death Discovery. 2023; 9: 432.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01732-3"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver DMA, Reddy PH. Molecular Basis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Focus on Mitochondria. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2019; 72: S95\u2013S116.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190048"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John A, Reddy PH. Synaptic basis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on synaptic amyloid beta, P-tau and mitochondria. Ageing Research Reviews. 2021; 65: 101208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101208"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blivet G, Meunier J, Roman FJ, Touchon J. Neuroprotective effect of a new photobiomodulation technique against A\u03b225-35 peptide-induced toxicity in mice: Novel hypothesis for therapeutic approach of Alzheimer\u2019s disease suggested. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia. 2018; 4: 54\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.12.003"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blivet G, Relano-Gines A, Wachtel M, Touchon J. A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Sham-Controlled Trial of an Innovative Brain-Gut Photobiomodulation Therapy: Safety and Patient Compliance. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2022; 90: 811\u2013822.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220467"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Liebert A, Kiat H. Modifying the Microbiome as a Potential Mechanism of Photobiomodulation: A Case Report. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2022; 40: 88\u201397.","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2021.0057"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Efficacy of RGn600 in Patients With Mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (LIGHT4LIFE). 2023. Available at: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05926011 (Accessed: 30 July 2023)."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Vemireddy V, Cai Q, Xiong H, Kang P, Li X, et al. Reversibly Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Laser Stimulation of Molecular-Targeted Nanoparticles. Nano Letters. 2021; 21: 9805\u20139815.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/5\/10.31083\/j.jin2305092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T11:29:57Z","timestamp":1732706997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/5\/10.31083\/j.jin2305092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S0219-6352(24)00727-7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.jin2305092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-6352","1757-448X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-6352","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-448X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"article-number":"92"}}