{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:37:11Z","timestamp":1784291831442,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["ZIAAG000534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAAG000534"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J Fox Program Genetic Diversity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease 2023","award":["MJFF-023995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-023995"]}]},{"name":"Global Parkinson\u2019s Genetic Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over 80% of genetic studies in the Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) field have been conducted on individuals of European descent. There is a social and scientific imperative to understand the genetic basis of PD across global populations for therapeutic development and deployment. PD etiology is impacted by genetic and environmental factors that are variable by ancestry and region, emphasising the need for worldwide programs to gather large numbers of patients to identify novel candidate genes and risk loci involved in disease. Only a handful of documented genetic assessments have investigated families with PD in AfrAbia, which comprises the member nations of the Arab League and the African Union, with very limited cohort and case-control studies reported. This review article summarises prior research on PD genetics in AfrAbia, highlighting gaps and challenges. We discuss the etiological risk spectrum in the context of historical interactions, highlighting allele frequencies, penetrance, and the clinical manifestations of known genetic variants in the AfrAbian PD patient community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2308152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1724925868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson's Disease in the AfrAbia Population: Current State and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wael","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, 3211 Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelhalim","family":"Eltantawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, 11152 Gamasa, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhu","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bandres-Ciga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Ageing (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary B","family":"Makarious","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Ageing (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Mecheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Dr Benbadis University Hospital, 25000 Constantine, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yared Zenebe","family":"Zewde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashayer","family":"Al-Mubarak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 11564 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karem H.","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najib","family":"Kissani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Marrakech Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hospital Mohamed VI, 5244 Marrakech, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badrah S","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Geroscience Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia Ben","family":"Sassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"on behalf of","family":"AA-PD-GC","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Mazrui AA. The economic woman in Africa. Finance & Development. 1992; 29: 42\u201343."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2008; 9: 403\u2013433.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Population. The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries. National Academies Press (US): Washington (DC). 1993."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends in Genetics: TIG. 2015; 31: 140\u2013149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.01.004"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin I, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Recent advances in the genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2011; 12: 301\u2013325.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-082410-101440"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasinska-Myga B, Kachergus J, Vilari\u00f1o-G\u00fcell C, Wider C, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Kefi M, et al. Comprehensive sequencing of the LRRK2 gene in patients with familial Parkinson\u2019s disease from North Africa. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2010; 25: 2052\u20132058.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23283"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabetian CP, Morino H, Ujike H, Yamamoto M, Oda M, Maruyama H, et al. Identification and haplotype analysis of LRRK2 G2019S in Japanese patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2006; 67: 697\u2013699.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000227732.37801.d4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizig M, Bandres-Ciga S, Makarious MB, Ojo OO, Crea PW, Abiodun OV, et al. Identification of genetic risk loci and causal insights associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease in African and African admixed populations: a genome-wide association study. The Lancet Neurology. 2023; 22: 1015\u20131025.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00283-1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Kiser PK, Asfaha S, DeKoter RP, Dick FA. EZH2 inhibition stimulates repetitive element expression and viral mimicry in resting splenic B cells. The EMBO Journal. 2023; 42: e114462.","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023114462"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Mohamed W. Leveraging genetic diversity to understand monogenic Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2019s landscape in AfrAbia. American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease. 2023; 12: 108\u2013122."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Mohamed W. Parkinson\u2019s genetics research on underrepresented AfrAbia populations: current state and future prospects. American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease. 2023; 12: 23\u201341."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal VV, Kim D, Reddy B, Witmer HDD, Dhiman A, Godley FA, 4th, et al. Early Integrated Palliative Care Within a Surgical Oncology Clinic. JAMA Network Open. 2023; 6: e2341928.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.41928"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang P, Cui P, Luo Q, Chen J, Tang H, Zhang L, et al. Penetrance of Parkinson disease LRRK2 G2385R-associated variant in the Chinese population. European Journal of Neurology. 2022; 29: 2639\u20132644.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15417"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang P, Pan J, Luo Q, Chen J, Tang H, Chen S, et al. A 10-Year Community-Based Study of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 G2385R Carriers\u2019 Conversion to Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2022; 37: 1767\u20131772.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29127"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeus B, Nuytemans K, Crosiers D, Engelborghs S, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, et al. Comprehensive genetic and mutation analysis of familial dementia with Lewy bodies linked to 2q35-q36. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD. 2010; 20: 197\u2013205.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1356"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Physiological Reviews. 2011; 91: 1161\u20131218.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2010"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li JQ, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the LRRK2 gene in Parkinsonism. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2014; 9: 47.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-47"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulte C, Gasser T. Genetic basis of Parkinson\u2019s disease: inheritance, penetrance, and expression. The Application of Clinical Genetics. 2011; 4: 67\u201380.","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S11639"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomiyama H, Li Y, Funayama M, Hasegawa K, Yoshino H, Kubo SI, et al. Clinicogenetic study of mutations in LRRK2 exon 41 in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients from 18 countries. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2006; 21: 1102\u20131108.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20886"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesage S, Patin E, Condroyer C, Leutenegger AL, Lohmann E, Giladi N, et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease-related LRRK2 G2019S mutation results from independent mutational events in humans. Human Molecular Genetics. 2010; 19: 1998\u20132004.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq081"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benamer HTS, de Silva R. LRRK2 G2019S in the North African population: a review. European Neurology. 2010; 63: 321\u2013325.","DOI":"10.1159\/000279653"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesage S, Leutenegger AL, Ibanez P, Janin S, Lohmann E, D\u00fcrr A, et al. LRRK2 haplotype analyses in European and North African families with Parkinson disease: a common founder for the G2019S mutation dating from the 13th century. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005; 77: 330\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1086\/432422"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren L, Gibson R, Ishihara L, Elango R, Xue Z, Akkari A, et al. A founding LRRK2 haplotype shared by Tunisian, US, European and Middle Eastern families with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2008; 14: 77\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.02.001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucotte G, David D, Change N. New contribution on the LRRK2 G2019S mutation associated to Parkinson\u2019s disease: age estimation of a common founder event of old age in Moroccan Berbers. International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2021; 1: 11\u201322.","DOI":"10.4314\/ijma.v1i5.1"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas-S\u00e1nchez M, Serradell JM, Comas D. Population history of North Africa based on modern and ancient genomes. Human Molecular Genetics. 2021; 30: R17\u2013R23.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa261"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhimba G, Muller A, Lammertsma K. Chiral-at-Metal Racemization Unraveled for MX2 (a-chel)2 by Means of a Computational Analysis of MoO2 (acnac)2. Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany). 2023; 29: e202303605.","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202302516"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandr\u00e9s-Ciga S, Mencacci NE, Dur\u00e1n R, Barrero FJ, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Morgan S, et al. Analysis of the genetic variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease from Southern Spain. Neurobiology of Aging. 2016; 37: 210.e1\u2013210.e5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.020"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter D, Gr\u00fcn R, Joannes-Boyau R, Steele TE, Amani F, Ru\u00e9 M, et al. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature. 2017; 546: 293\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22335"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhouche A, Tibar H, Ben El Haj R, El Bayad K, Razine R, Tazrout S, et al. LRRK2 G2019S Mutation: Prevalence and Clinical Features in Moroccans with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2017; 2017: 2412486.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2412486"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watterson GA, Guess HA. Is the most frequent allele the oldest? Theoretical Population Biology. 1977; 11: 141\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(77)90023-5"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly P, Tavar\u00e9 S. The ages of alleles and a coalescent. Advances in Applied Probability. 1986; 18: 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.2307\/1427237"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di\u00e9terlen F, Lucotte G. Original Synthetic Report: Origin of the G2019S mutation associated to Parkinson\u2019s disease in Europeans and in North Africans. International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2010; 1: 81\u201396.","DOI":"10.4314\/ijma.v1i3.60336"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandr\u00e9s-Ciga S, Price TR, Barrero FJ, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Pelegrina J, Arepalli S, et al. Genome-wide assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Southern Spanish population. Neurobiology of Aging. 2016; 45: 213.e3\u2013213.e9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.001"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell CL, Palamara PF, Dubrovsky M, Botigu\u00e9 LR, Fellous M, Atzmon G, et al. North African Jewish and non-Jewish populations form distinctive, orthogonal clusters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109: 13865\u201313870.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204840109"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben El Haj R, Salmi A, Regragui W, Moussa A, Bouslam N, Tibar H, et al. Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population. PloS One. 2017; 12: e0181335.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181335"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Change N, Mercier G, Lucotte G. Genetic screening of the G2019S mutation of the LRRK2 gene in Southwest European, North African, and Sephardic Jewish subjects. Genetic Testing. 2008; 12: 333\u2013339.","DOI":"10.1089\/gte.2007.0098"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bokbot Y, Pintado JO, Rodriguez AR, Santana CGR, Amarir A, Vasquez J.V. Le complexe fun\u00e9raire et cultuel d\u2019Adrar Zerzem (Anti- Atlas, Maroc), 2005. Available at:  (Accessed 5 June 2024).","DOI":"10.13140\/2.1.3676.7369"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreier J. A Jewish riot against Muslims: The polemics of history in late colonial Algeria. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2016; 58: 746\u2013773.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0010417516000347"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emmanuelle Comtat. Les pieds-noirs et la politique. 2009. Available at:  (Accessed: 5 June 2024).","DOI":"10.3917\/scpo.comta.2009.01.0297"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behar DM, Saag L, Karmin M, Gover MG, Wexler JD, Sanchez LF, et al. The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi Levites\u2019 Y chromosome. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 14969.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14761-7"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Malamat A. A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press: Tel Aviv. 1976."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risch N, de Leon D, Ozelius L, Kramer P, Almasy L, Singer B, et al. Genetic analysis of idiopathic torsion dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews and their recent descent from a small founder population. Nature Genetics. 1995; 9: 152\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0295-152"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falk R. Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent. Frontiers in Genetics. 2015; 5: 462.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00462"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henn BM, Botigu\u00e9 LR, Gravel S, Wang W, Brisbin A, Byrnes JK, et al. Genomic ancestry of North Africans supports back-to-Africa migrations. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002397.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002397"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulihan MM, Ishihara-Paul L, Kachergus J, Warren L, Amouri R, Elango R, et al. LRRK2 Gly2019Ser penetrance in Arab-Berber patients from Tunisia: a case-control genetic study. The Lancet. Neurology. 2008; 7: 591\u2013594.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70116-9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. Exploring the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in GBA-Parkinson Disease: Clinical Aspects, Biomarkers, and Potential Modifiers. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021; 12: 694764.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.694764"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrahina V, Gaber H, Vollstedt EJ, F\u00f6rster TM, Usnich T, Curado F, et al. The Rostock International Parkinson\u2019s Disease (ROPAD) Study: Protocol and Initial Findings. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2021; 36: 1005\u20131010.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28416"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O\u2019Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, et al. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2009; 132: 1783\u20131794.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp044"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim JL, Lohmann K, Tan AH, Tay YW, Ibrahim KA, Abdul Aziz Z, et al. Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene variants in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort with Parkinson\u2019s disease: mutational spectrum and clinical features. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996). 2022; 129: 37\u201348.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02421-0"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoker TB, Camacho M, Winder-Rhodes S, Liu G, Scherzer CR, Foltynie T, et al. Impact of GBA1 variants on long-term clinical progression and mortality in incident Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2020; 91: 695\u2013702.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322857"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNeill A, Duran R, Hughes DA, Mehta A, Schapira AHV. A clinical and family history study of Parkinson\u2019s disease in heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2012; 83: 853\u2013854.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302402"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blauwendraat C, Reed X, Krohn L, Heilbron K, Bandres-Ciga S, Tan M, et al. Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson\u2019s disease and Lewy body dementia. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2020; 143: 234\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz350"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinur T, Becker-Cohen M, Revel-Vilk S, Zimran A, Arkadir D. Parkinson\u2019s Clustering in Families of Non-Neuronopathic N370S GBA Mutation Carriers Indicates the Presence of Genetic Modifiers. Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2021; 11: 615\u2013618.","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202422"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhury A, Aron S, Botigu\u00e9 LR, Sengupta D, Botha G, Bensellak T, et al. High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health. Nature. 2020; 586: 741\u2013748.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2859-7"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Vila M, Klein C, Rascol O. LRRK2 in Parkinson disease: challenges of clinical trials. Nature Reviews. Neurology. 2020; 16: 97\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0301-2"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesage S, Condroyer C, Lannuzel A, Lohmann E, Troiano A, Tison F, et al. Molecular analyses of the LRRK2 gene in European and North African autosomal dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2009; 46: 458\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.062612"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day JO, Mullin S. The Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Implications for Clinical Practice. Genes. 2021; 12: 1006.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071006"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacArthur DG, Manolio TA, Dimmock DP, Rehm HL, Shendure J, Abecasis GR, et al. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease. Nature. 2014; 508: 469\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13127"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrer MJ. Doubts about TMEM230 as a gene for parkinsonism. Nature Genetics. 2019; 51: 367\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0354-6"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiffin N. Tiered informed consent: respecting autonomy, agency and individuality in Africa. BMJ Global Health. 2018; 3: e001249.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001249"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claw KG, Anderson MZ, Begay RL, Tsosie KS, Fox K, Garrison NA, et al. A framework for enhancing ethical genomic research with Indigenous communities. Nature Communications. 2018; 9: 2957.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05188-3"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reardon S. Navajo Nation reconsiders ban on genetic research. Nature. 2017; 550: 165\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2017.22780"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC). Ten Years of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium: Progress and Next Steps. Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2020; 10: 19\u201330.","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191854"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Parkinson\u2019s Genetics Program. GP2: The Global Parkinson\u2019s Genetics Program. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2021; 36: 842\u2013851.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28494"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/8\/10.31083\/j.jin2308152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T16:39:14Z","timestamp":1732725554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/23\/8\/10.31083\/j.jin2308152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S0219-6352(24)00775-7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.jin2308152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-6352","1757-448X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-6352","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-448X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"article-number":"152"}}