{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:36:25Z","timestamp":1781238985435,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperkalemia in heart failure is a condition that can occur with relative frequency because it is related to pathophysiological aspects of the disease, and favored by drugs that form the basis of chronic cardiac failure therapy. Often, associated comorbidities, such as kidney failure or diabetes mellitus can further adversely affect potassium levels. Hyperkalemia can result in acute and even severe clinical manifestations that put patients at risk. On the other hand, the finding of hyperkalemia in a chronic context can lead to a reduction in dosages or to suspension of drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, and mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist, first line in the treatment of the disease, with negative effects in prognostic terms. Therapies for the correction of hyperkalemia have so far mainly concerned the treatment of acute clinical pictures. Newly developed molecules, such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, now open new prospectives in the long-term management of hyperkalemia, and allow us to glimpse the possibility of a better titration of the cardinal drugs for heart failure, with consequent positive effects on patient prognosis. The aim of this review is to focus on the problem of hyperkalemia in the setting of heart failure, with particular regard to its incidence, its prognostic role, and the underlining pathophysiological mechanisms. The review also provides an overview of therapeutic strategies for correcting hyperkalemia in acute and chronic conditions, with a focus on the new potassium binders that promise to improve management of heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.02.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T07:12:31Z","timestamp":1593587551000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hyperkalemia in heart failure: current treatment and new therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Min\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo. Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ajello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo. Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Di","family":"Gesaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo. Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Falletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo. Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Clemenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo. Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, R., Rossignol, P., Romero, A., Garza, D., Mayo, M. R., Warren, S., Ma, J., White, W. B. and Williams, B. (2019) Patiromer versus placebo to enable spironolactone use in patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease (AMBER): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 394, 1540-1550.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32135-X"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldahl, M., Jensen, A.-S. C., Davidsen, L., Eriksen, M. A., M\u00f8ller Hansen, S., Nielsen, B. J., Krogager, M. L., K\u00f8ber, L., Torp-Pedersen, C. and S\u00f8gaard, P. (2017) Associations of serum potassium levels with mortality in chronic heart failure patients. European Heart Journal 38, 2890-2896. 29019614https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29019614","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx460"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, A., Menoyo, J., Singh, B. and Kim, C. S. (2019) Efficacy and safety of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in patients with baseline serum potassium level \u2265 5.5 mmol\/L: pooled analysis from two phase 3 trials. BMC Nephrology 20, 440. 31791288https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31791288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1611-8"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anker, S. D., Kosiborod, M., Zannad, F., Pi\u00f1a, I. L., McCullough, P. A., Filippatos, G., van der Meer, P., Ponikowski, P., Rasmussen, H. S., Lavin, P. T., Singh, B., Yang, A. and Deedwania, P. (2015) Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 17, 1050-1056.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.30026011677https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26011677"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bakris, G. L., Pitt, B., Weir, M. R., Freeman, M. W., Mayo, M. R., Garza, D., Stasiv, Y., Zawadzki, R., Berman, L. and Bushinsky, D. A. (2015) Effect of patiromer on serum potassium level in patients with hyperkalemia and diabetic kidney disease. JAMA 314, 151.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.744626172895https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26172895"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beusekamp, J. C., Tromp, J., Cleland, J. G. F., Givertz, M. M., Metra, M., O\u2019Connor, C. M., Teerlink, J. R., Ponikowski, P., Ouwerkerk, W., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Voors, A. A. and van der Meer, P. (2019) Hyperkalemia and treatment with RAAS inhibitors during acute heart failure hospitalizations and their association with mortality. JACC: Heart Failure 7, 970-979.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.07.01031606364https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31606364"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beusekamp, J. C., Tromp, J., van der Wal, H. H., Anker, S. D., Cleland, J. G., Dickstein, K., Filippatos, G., van der Harst, P., Hillege, H. L., Lang, C. C., Metra, M., Ng, L. L., Ponikowski, P., Samani, N. J., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Zwinderman, A. H., Rossignol, P., Zannad, F., Voors, A. A. and van der Meer, P. (2018) Potassium and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: data from BIOSTAT-CHF. European Journal of Heart Failure 20, 923-930. 29327797https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29327797","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1079"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhinder, J., Patibandla, S., Gupta, C. A., Levine, A., Gass, A. L. and Lanier, G. M. (2020) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis. Cardiology in Review 28, 107-115. 31985521https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31985521","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000286"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blair, H. A. (2018) Patiromer: A review in hyperkalaemia. Clinical Drug Investigation 38, 785-794.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0675-830030701https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30030701"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Brancati, M., Coluccia, V., Giammarinaro, M. and Schiavoni, G. (2011) Il potassio nella pratica clinica. Cardiology Science 9, 13-20."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown, R. S. (1986) Extrarenal potassium homeostasis. Kidney International 30, 116-127.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.1603528616https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3528616"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, J., Khan, M. S. and Anker, S. D. (2019) Novel potassium binders as enabling therapy in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 21, 550-552. 30993820https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30993820","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1474"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cases, A. and Gorriz, J. L. (2018) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: a new potassium binder for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Drugs of Today 54, 601. 30398481https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30398481","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2018.54.10.2872504"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CONSENSUS Trial Study Group (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The New England Journal of Medicine 316, 1429-1435.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM1987060431623012883575https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2883575"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"De Nicola, L., Garofalo, C., Provenzano, M., Grosseto, D., Magnani, G. and Pulignano, G. (2019) La gestione dell'iperpotassiemia: nefrologo e cardiologo a confronto. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia (2006) 552-558. (In Italian)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00e9pret, F., Peacock, W. F., Liu, K. D., Rafique, Z., Rossignol, P. and Legrand, M. (2019) Management of hyperkalemia in the acutely ill patient. Annals of Intensive Care 9, 32-32.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0509-830820692https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30820692"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desai, N. R., Rowan, C. G., Alvarez, P. J., Fogli, J. and Toto, R. D. (2020) Hyperkalemia treatment modalities: A descriptive observational study focused on medication and healthcare resource utilization. PloS One 15, e0226844-e0226844.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.022684431910208https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31910208"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fishbane, S., Ford, M., Fukagawa, M., McCafferty, K., Rastogi, A., Spinowitz, B., Staroselskiy, K., Vishnevskiy, K., Lisovskaja, V., Al-Shurbaji, A., Guzman, N. and Bhandari, S. (2019). A phase 3b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for reducing the incidence of predialysis hyperkalemia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 30, 1723-1733.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.201905045031201218https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31201218"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenlee, M., Wingo, C. S., McDonough, A. A., Youn, J.-H. and Kone, B. C. (2009) Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 150, 619-625.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-0000819414841https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19414841"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gumz, M. L., Rabinowitz, L. and Wingo, C. S. (2015) An integrated view of potassium homeostasis. The New England Journal of Medicine 373, 60-72. 26132942https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26132942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1313341"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoy, S. M. (2018) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: A review in hyperkalaemia. Drugs 78, 1605-1613.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0991-630306338https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30306338"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, R. W. and Bailey, M. A. (2019) Hyperkalemia: pathophysiology, risk factors and consequences. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 34, iii2-iii11.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz206"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, N., Kotla, S., Little, B. B., Weideman, R. A., Brilakis, E. S., Reilly, R. F. and Banerjee, S. (2012) Predictors of hyperkalemia and death in patients with cardiac and renal disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 109, 1510-1513. 22342847https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22342847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.01.367"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juurlink, D. N., Mamdani, M. M., Lee, D. S., Kopp, A., Austin, P. C., Laupacis, A. and Redelmeier, D. A. (2004) Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. New England Journal of Medicine 351, 543-551. 15295047https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15295047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040135"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosiborod, M., Rasmussen, H. S., Lavin, P., Qunibi, W. Y., Spinowitz, B., Packham, D., Roger, S. D., Yang, A., Lerma, E. and Singh, B. (2014) Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering for 28 days among outpatients with hyperkalemia. JAMA 312, 2223.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.1568825402495https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25402495"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovesdy, C. P. (2015) Management of hyperkalemia: An update for the internist. The American journal of medicine 128, 1281-1287. 26093176https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26093176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.05.040"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovesdy, C. P., Gosmanova, E. O., Woods, S. D., Fogli, J. J., Rowan, C. G., Hansen, J. L. and Sauer, B. C. (2020) Real-world management of hyperkalemia with patiromer among United States Veterans. Postgraduate Medicine 132, 176-183. 31971043https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31971043","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1706920"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Linde, C., Qin, L., Bakhai, A., Furuland, H., Evans, M., Ayoubkhani, D., Palaka, E., Bennett, H. and McEwan, P. (2019) Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in heart failure patients: results of risk calculations in 21 334 patients in the UK. ESC Heart Failure 6, 280-290.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.1240230629342https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30629342"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lisi, F., Parisi, G., Gioia, Margherita I., Amato, L., Bellino, Maria C., Grande, D., Massari, F., Caldarola, P., Ciccone, Marco M. and Iacoviello, M. (2020) Mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist withdrawal for hyperkalemia and mortality in patients with heart failure. Cardiorenal Medicine 10, 145-153.","DOI":"10.1159\/00050528631982865https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31982865"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littmann, L. and Gibbs, M. A. (2018) Electrocardiographic manifestations of severe hyperkalemia. Journal of Electrocardiology 51, 814-817. 30177318https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30177318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.06.018"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maggioni, A. P., Anker, S. D., Dahlstr\u00f6m, U., Filippatos, G., Ponikowski, P., Zannad, F., Amir, O., Chioncel, O., Leiro, M. C., Drozdz, J., Erglis, A., Fazlibegovic, E., Fonseca, C., Fruhwald, F., Gatzov, P., Goncalvesova, E., Hassanein, M., Hradec, J., Kavoliuniene, A., Lainscak, M., Logeart, D., Merkely, B., Metra, M., Persson, H., Seferovic, P., Temizhan, A., Tousoulis, D. and Tavazzi, L. (2013) Are hospitalized or ambulatory patients with heart failure treated in accordance with European Society of Cardiology guidelines? Evidence from 12 440 patients of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. European Journal of Heart Failure 15, 1173-1184.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft13423978433https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23978433"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCullough, P. A., Beaver, T. M., Bennett-Guerrero, E., Emmett, M., Fonarow, G. C., Goyal, A., Herzog, C. A., Kosiborod, M. and Palmer, B. F. (2014) Acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of hyperkalemia: new insights into prevention and clinical management. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 15, 11-23. 24762462https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24762462","DOI":"10.3909\/ricm0727"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCullough, P. A., Costanzo, M. R., Silver, M., Spinowitz, B., Zhang, J. and Lepor, N. E. (2015) Novel agents for the prevention and management of hyperkalemia. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 16, 140-155. 26198561https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26198561","DOI":"10.3909\/ricm0782"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonough, A. A. and Youn, J. H. (2017) Potassium homeostasis: the knowns, the unknowns, and the health benefits. Physiology (Bethesda, Md) 32, 100-111.","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2016"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McMurray, J. J. V., Packer, M., Desai, A. S., Gong, J., Lefkowitz, M. P., Rizkala, A. R., Rouleau, J. L., Shi, V. C., Solomon, S. D., Swedberg, K. and Zile, M. R. (2014) Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 371, 993-1004.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montaperto, A. G., Gandhi, M. A., Gashlin, L. Z. and Symoniak, M. R. (2015) Patiromer: a clinical review. Current Medical Research and Opinion 32, 155-164. 26456884https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26456884","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1106935"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassif, M. E. and Kosiborod, M. (2019) New frontiers for management of hyperkalaemia: the emergence of novel agents. European Heart Journal Supplements: Journal of the European Society of Cardiology 21, A34-A40.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy036"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noureddine, L. and Dixon, B. S. (2015) Complications and management of hyperkalemia: implications for the use of the novel cation exchangers zirconium cyclosilicate and patiromer. Clinical Investigation 5, 805-823.","DOI":"10.4155\/cli.15.48http:\/\/www.future-science.com\/doi\/10.4155\/cli.15.48"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Packham, D. K., Rasmussen, H. S., Lavin, P. T., El-Shahawy, M. A., Roger, S. D., Block, G., Qunibi, W., Pergola, P. and Singh, B. (2015) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. New England Journal of Medicine 372, 222-231.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa141148725415807https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25415807"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palaka, E., Grandy, S., Darlington, O., McEwan, P. and Doornewaard, A. (2019) Associations between serum potassium and adverse clinical outcomes: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Clinical Practice 74, e13421. 31532067https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31532067","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13421"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer, B. F. and Clegg, D. J. (2016) Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis. Advances in Physiology Education 40, 480-490.","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00121.201627756725https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27756725"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer, B. F. and Clegg, D. J. (2017) Diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 84, 934-942.","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.1705629244647https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29244647"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, B. and Garza, D. (2018) The tolerability and safety profile of patiromer: a novel polymer-based potassium binder for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 17, 525-535. 29667438https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29667438","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1462335"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, B., Anker, S. D., Bushinsky, D. A., Kitzman, D. W., Zannad, F., Huang, I. Z. and Investigators, P.-H. (2011) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. European Heart Journal 32, 820-828. 21208974https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21208974","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq502"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, B., Bakris, G. L., Bushinsky, D. A., Garza, D., Mayo, M. R., Stasiv, Y., Christ-Schmidt, H., Berman, L. and Weir, M. R. (2015) Effect of patiromer on reducing serum potassium and preventing recurrent hyperkalaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease on RAAS inhibitors. European Journal of Heart Failure 17, 1057-1065. 26459796https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26459796","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.402"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W. J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., Palensky, J. and Wittes, J. (1999) The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 341, 709-717. 10471456https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10471456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G. F., Coats, A. J. S., Falk, V., Gonz\u00e1lez-Juanatey, J. R., Harjola, V.-P., Jankowska, E. A., Jessup, M., Linde, C., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Parissis, J. T., Pieske, B., Riley, J. P., Rosano, G. M. C., Ruilope, L. M., Ruschitzka, F., Rutten, F. H., van der Meer, P. and Group, E. S. C. S. D. (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal 37, 2129-2200.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw12827206819https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27206819"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pozzolini, A., Rio, T., Padeletti, M., De Ponti, R., Leonelli, F. M. and Bagliani, G. (2019) Complex arrhythmias due to reversible causes. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 11, 375-390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2019.03.00231084857https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31084857"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, M., Minutolo, R., Chiodini, P., Bellizzi, V., Nappi, F., Russo, D., Borrelli, S., Garofalo, C., Iodice, C., De Stefano, T., Conte, G., Heerspink, H. J. L. and De Nicola, L. (2018) Competing-risk analysis of death and end stage kidney disease by hyperkalaemia status in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients receiving stable nephrology care. Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, 499.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120499"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafique, Z., Chouihed, T., Mebazaa, A. and Frank Peacock, W. (2019) Current treatment and unmet needs of hyperkalaemia in the emergency department. European Heart Journal Supplements: Journal of the European Society of Cardiology 21, A12-A19.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy029"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roger, S. D., Spinowitz, B. S., Lerma, E. V., Singh, B., Packham, D. K., Al-Shurbaji, A. and Kosiborod, M. (2019) Efficacy and safety of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for treatment of hyperkalemia: an 11-month open-label extension of HARMONIZE. American Journal of Nephrology 50, 473-480.","DOI":"10.1159\/000504078https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/FullText\/504078"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Romani, S., Porcari, A., Fabris, E. and Sinagra, G. (2019) Hyperkalemia in heart failure: new solutions for an old problem. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia (2006) 20, 543-551. (In Italian)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosano, G. M. C., Spoletini, I. and Agewall, S. (2019) Pharmacology of new treatments for hyperkalaemia: patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. European Heart Journal Supplements: Journal of the European Society of Cardiology 21, A28-A33.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy035"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosano, G. M. C., Tamargo, J., Kjeldsen, K. P., Lainscak, M., Agewall, S., Anker, S. D., Ceconi, C., Coats, A. J. S., Drexel, H., Filippatos, G., Kaski, J. C., Lund, L., Niessner, A., Ponikowski, P., Savarese, G., Schmidt, T. A., Seferovic, P., Wassmann, S., Walther, T. and Lewis, B. S. (2018) Expert consensus document on the management of hyperkalaemia in patients with cardiovascular disease treated with renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors: coordinated by the Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 4, 180-188. 29726985https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29726985","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvy015"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossignol, P., Duarte, K., Girerd, N., Karoui, M., McMurray, J. J. V., Swedberg, K., Veldhuisen, D. J., Pocock, S., Dickstein, K., Zannad, F. and Pitt, B. (2020) Cardiovascular risk associated with serum potassium in the context of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. European Journal of Heart Failure (in press).","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1724"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarwar, C. M. S., Papadimitriou, L., Pitt, B., Pi\u00f1a, I., Zannad, F., Anker, S. D., Gheorghiade, M. and Butler, J. (2016) Hyperkalemia in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68, 1575-1589.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.06027687200https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27687200"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savarese, G., Xu, H., Trevisan, M., Dahlstr\u00f6m, U., Rossignol, P., Pitt, B., Lund, L. H. and Carrero, J. J. (2019) Incidence, predictors, and outcome associations of dyskalemia in heart failure with preserved, mid-range, and reduced ejection fraction. JACC: Heart Failure 7, 65-76.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.10.00330553905https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30553905"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciatti, E., Dallapellegrina, L., Metra, M. and Lombardi, C. M. (2019) New drugs for the treatment of chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 20, 650-659. 31397687https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31397687","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000850"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sidhu, K., Sanjanwala, R. and Zieroth, S. (2020) Hyperkalemia in heart failure. Current Opinion in Cardiology 35, 150-155.","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.000000000000070931833959https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31833959"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhania, G., Ejaz, A. A., McCullough, P. A., Kluger, A. Y., Balamuthusamy, S., Dass, B., Singhania, N. and Agarwal, A. (2019) Continuation of chronic heart failure therapies during heart failure hospitalization - a review. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 20, 111-120. 31601085https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31601085","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2019.03.562"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SOLVD Investigators (1991) Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 325, 293-302. 2057034https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2057034","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250501"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sood, M. M., Sood, A. R. and Richardson, R. (2007) Emergency management and commonly encountered outpatient scenarios in patients with hyperkalemia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, 1553-1561.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)61102-6"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinowitz, B. S., Fishbane, S., Pergola, P. E., Roger, S. D., Lerma, E. V., Butler, J., von Haehling, S., Adler, S. H., Zhao, J., Singh, B., Lavin, P. T., McCullough, P. A., Kosiborod, M., Packham, D. K. and Investigators, Z. S. S. (2019) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate among individuals with hyperkalemia: A 12-Month Phase 3 Study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 14, 798-809. 31110051https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31110051","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12651018"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stavros, F., Yang, A., Leon, A., Nuttall, M. and Rasmussen, H. S. (2014) Characterization of structure and function of ZS-9, a K+ selective ion trap. PloS One 9, e114686-e114686.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.011468625531770https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25531770"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamargo, J., Caballero, R. and Delp\u00f3n, E. (2018) New therapeutic approaches for the treatment of hyperkalemia in patients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 32, 99-119. 29372448https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29372448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6767-5"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teh, M. M., Zaman, M. J. S., Brooks, A. P. and Li Voon Chong, J. S. W. (2003) When is a high potassium not a high potassium? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96, 354-355.","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.96.7.35412835454https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12835454"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomsen, R. W., Nicolaisen, S. K., Hasvold, P., Garcia-Sanchez, R., Pedersen, L., Adelborg, K., Egfjord, M., Egstrup, K. and S\u00f8rensen, H. T. (2018) Elevated potassium levels in patients with congestive heart failure: occurrence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes: A danish population-based cohort study. Journal of the American Heart Association 7, e008912.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.00891229789332https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29789332"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varallo, F. R., Trombotto, V., Lucchetta, R. C. and Mastroianni, P. C. (2019) Efficacy and safety of the pharmacotherapy used in the management of hyperkalemia: a systematic review. Pharmacy Practice 17, 1361-1361.","DOI":"10.18549\/PharmPract.2019.1.136131015873https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31015873"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, S., Butler, J. and Bakris, G. L. (2019) Barriers to guideline mandated renin-angiotensin inhibitor use: focus on hyperkalaemia. European Heart Journal Supplements: Journal of the European Society of Cardiology 21, A20-A27.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy030"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vu, B. N., De Castro, A. M., Shottland, D., Frishman, W. H. and Cheng-Lai, A. (2016) Patiromer. Cardiology in Review 24, 316-323.","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.000000000000012327548687https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27548687"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weir, M. R., Bakris, G. L., Bushinsky, D. A., Mayo, M. R., Garza, D., Stasiv, Y., Wittes, J., Christ-Schmidt, H., Berman, L. and Pitt, B. (2015) Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine 372, 211-221.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410853http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1410853"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetmore, J. B., Yan, H., Horne, L., Peng, Y. and Gilbertson, D. T. (2019) Risk of hyperkalemia from renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and factors associated with treatment discontinuities in a real-world population. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation (in press).","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz263"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannad, F., Ferreira, J. P. and Pitt, B. (2019) Potassium binders for the prevention of hyperkalaemia in heart failure patients: implementation issues and future developments. European Heart Journal Supplements: Journal of the European Society of Cardiology 21, A55-A60.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suy034"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannad, F., Hsu, B.-G., Maeda, Y., Shin, S. K., Vishneva, E. M., Rensfeldt, M., Eklund, S. and Zhao, J. (2020) Efficacy and safety of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for hyperkalaemia: the randomized, placebo-controlled HARMONIZE-Global study. ESC Heart Failure 7, 54-64. 31944628https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31944628","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12561"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zannad, F., McMurray, J. J. V., Krum, H., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Swedberg, K., Shi, H., Vincent, J., Pocock, S. J. and Pitt, B. (2011) Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. New England Journal of Medicine 364, 11-21.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa100949221073363https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21073363"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannad, F., Rossignol, P., Stough, W. G., Epstein, M., Alonso Garcia, M. d. l. A., Bakris, G. L., Butler, J., Kosiborod, M., Berman, L., Mebazaa, A., Rasmussen, H. S., Ruilope, L. M., Stockbridge, N., Thompson, A., Wittes, J. and Pitt, B. (2016) New approaches to hyperkalemia in patients with indications for renin angiotensin aldosterone inhibitors: Considerations for trial design and regulatory approval. International Journal of Cardiology 216, 46-51. 27140336https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27140336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.127"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/21\/2\/10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.02.8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T16:57:15Z","timestamp":1732726635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/21\/2\/10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.02.8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"alternative-id":["2153-8174-21-2-241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.02.8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6550","2153-8174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6550","type":"print"},{"value":"2153-8174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"article-number":"241"}}