{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:21:23Z","timestamp":1783286483664,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pacemakers are more commonly recommended than theophylline for sick sinus syndrome (SSS) treatment. The positive effects of cilostazol on bradyarrhythmias also have been reported. However, no comparison of cilostazol and theophylline has been previously reported found. We retrospectively enrolled SSS patients, who refused a pacemaker implantation. Theophylline or cilostazol was administered, and the heart rate (HR) was evaluated in 4-8 weeks using a digital sphygmomanometer and the electrocardiogram (ECG). A 200-400 mg of theophylline or 100-200 mg of cilostazol were administered per day in 50 and 30 patients, respectively. The baseline HR was 54.8 \u00b1 13.5 beats per minute (bpm) on using sphygmomanometry and 51.9 \u00b1 11.8 bpm using the ECG. In the theophylline group, the HR increased by 12.0 \u00b1 16.3 bpm by sphygmomanometry (P &lt; 0.001) and 8.4 \u00b1 12.0 bpm by the ECG (P &lt; 0.001). In the cilostazol group, the HR increased by 16.8 \u00b1 13.9 bpm by sphygmomanometry (P &lt; 0.001) and 12.4 \u00b1 13.4 bpm using the ECG (P &lt; 0.001). In 15 of the 50 theophylline patients, the medication was switched to cilostazol. The HR increased from 61.4 \u00b1 13.8 bpm to 64.0 \u00b1 12.6 bpm (P = 0.338). Symptoms such as dyspnea, chest discomfort, dizziness, and syncope significantly improved after the administration of the medications. There were no significant differences in the improvement in the symptoms except for dizziness between the two agents. Cilostazol was as effective as theophylline for increasing the HR in SSS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.03.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T01:37:25Z","timestamp":1602639445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Positive chronotropic effects of theophylline and cilostazol in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome who have declined permanent pacing"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"In Tae","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namsik","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Ki","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Gwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, 671 Jeabongro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Ad\u00e1n, V. and Crown, L. 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