{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:43:15Z","timestamp":1772329395324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>TakoTsubo Syndrome (TTS) is a stress-induced cardiac disease characterized by temporary and segmental left ventricle dysfunction, typically involving the apex. Post-menopause women are more frequently affected. ECG and clinical features at presentation may be similar to those observed in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However underlying pathomechanisms are completely different and, for what concerns TTS, extremely debated and not yet completely understood. Some hypotheses have been proposed during years, mostly regarding catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity and microvascular dysfunction, usually following a trigger event which may be either \u201cemotional\u201d (primary TTS) or \u201cphysical\u201d (secondary TTS). Additional modulators like neuroendocrine disorders (particularly hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and estrogen drop in menopause) may play a crucial role in TTS onset. Despite being originally considered more benign than ACS, several studies have enlightened that TTS and STEMI are burdened by the same in-hospital mortality and complications. However, TTS and ACS complications somehow differ for what concerns incidence, the underlying mechanisms, and both long- and short-term outcomes. Full recovery in TTS requires weeks to months and cases of recurrences have been described, but no single clinical feature seems to predict subsequent episodes so far. By now, apart from inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAASi), no drug has proved to be effective either in the acute or chronic phase in reducing mortality, improving outcome, or preventing recurrences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2306184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T06:52:12Z","timestamp":1653634332000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["TakoTsubo Syndrome: A Well-Known Disease but Not Everything Is Clear Yet"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cesare","family":"de Gregorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cGaetano Martino\", University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cGaetano Martino\", University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Borgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cGaetano Martino\", University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Trio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cGaetano Martino\", University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro J","family":"Akashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 216-8511 Kawasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"And\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cGaetano Martino\", University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akashi YJ, Nef HM, Lyon AR. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2015; 12: 387\u2013397.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.39"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin HZ, Amin LZ, Pradipta A. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Brief Review. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2020; 13: 3\u20137.","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2018-0067"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bybee KA, Kara T, Prasad A, Lerman A, Barsness GW, Wright RS, et al. Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004; 141: 858\u2013865.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00010"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias A, N\u00fa\u00f1ez Gil IJ, Santoro F, Madias JE, Pelliccia F, Brunetti ND, et al. Takotsubo syndrome: State-of-the-art review by an expert panel \u2013 Part 2. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 2019; 20: 153\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2018.11.016"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadri J, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part i): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. European Heart Journal. 2018; 39: 2032\u20132046.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy076"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurtado Rend\u00f3n IS, Alcivar D, Rodriguez-Escudero JP, Silver K. Acute Myocardial Infarction and Stress Cardiomyopathy are not Mutually Exclusive. The American Journal of Medicine. 2018; 131: 202\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.07.039"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gregorio C, And\u00f2 G, Trio O. Stress-related left ventricular dysfunction: a common terminology for both Takotsubo-like and neurogenic stress syndromes? Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 2009; 10: 204\u2013205.","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e32831da953"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2 G, Trio O, Gregorio CD. Transient left ventricular dysfunction in patients with neurovascular events. Acute Cardiac Care. 2010; 12: 70\u201374.","DOI":"10.3109\/17482941003732758"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2 G, Trio O, de Gregorio C. Catecholamine-induced stress cardiomyopathies: more similarities than differences. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 168: 4453\u20134454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.06.147"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva AR, Magalh\u00e3es R, Arantes C, Moreira PS, Rodrigues M, Marques P, et al. Brain functional connectivity is altered in patients with Takotsubo Syndrome. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9: 4187.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40695-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JAC, Baughman KL, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, et al. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 352: 539\u2013548.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043046"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elesber AA, Prasad A, Bybee KA, Valeti U, Motiei A, Lerman A, et al. Transient cardiac apical ballooning syndrome: prevalence and clinical implications of right ventricular involvement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006; 47: 1082\u20131083.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.12.004"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2 G, Boretti I, Tripodi R. Stress cardiomyopathies beyond Takotsubo: does a common catecholaminergic pathophysiology fit all? Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2014; 12: 643\u2013645.","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2014.903156"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frustaci A, Loperfido F, Gentiloni N, Caldarulo M, Margante E, Russo MA. Catecholamine-induced Cardiomyopathy in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia. A histologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical study. Chest. 1991; 99: 382\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.2.382"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham J, Mudd JO, Kapur N, Klein K, Champion HC, Wittstein IS. Stress Cardiomyopathy after Intravenous Administration of Catecholamines and Beta-Receptor Agonists. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009; 53: 1320\u20131325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.020"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcovitz PA, Czako P, Rosenblatt S, Billecke SS. Pheochromocytoma presenting with Takotsubo syndrome. Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2010; 23: 437\u2013442.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8183.2010.00551.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trio O, de Gregorio C, And\u00f2 G. Myocardial dysfunction after subarachnoid haemorrhage and tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: a differential diagnosis? Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease. 2010; 4: 105\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944709356013"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saporito F, And\u00f2 G, Di Bella G, Oreto G. Acute heart failure due to pheochromocytoma crisis after levosulpiride administration. International Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 175: 383\u2013384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.05.040"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy\u2014a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine. 2008; 5: 22\u201329.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1066"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakano T, Onoue K, Nakada Y, Nakagawa H, Kumazawa T, Ueda T, et al. Alteration of beta-Adrenoceptor Signaling in Left Ventricle of Acute Phase Takotsubo Syndrome: a Human Study. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8: 12731.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31034-z"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373: 929\u2013938.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406761"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo BT, Choubey R, Novaro GM. Reduced estrogen in menopause may predispose women to takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Gender Medicine. 2010; 7: 71\u201377.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2010.01.006"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Dunsiger S, Swales HH, Aurigemma GP, Ockene I, Rosman L, et al. Reproductive History of Women with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 118: 1922\u20131928.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.08.083"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava A, Sharma KL, Srivastava N, Misra S, Mittal B. Significant role of estrogen and progesterone receptor sequence variants in gallbladder cancer predisposition: a multi-analytical strategy. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e40162.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040162"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzino G, Bitto A, Crea P, Khandheria B, Vriz O, Carerj S, et al. Takotsubo syndrome and estrogen receptor genes: partners in crime? Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 2017; 18: 268\u2013276.","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000500"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scantlebury DC, Prasad A, Rabinstein AA, Best PJM. Prevalence of migraine and Raynaud phenomenon in women with apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo or stress cardiomyopathy). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 111: 1284\u20131288.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.01.269"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2 G, Trio O, de Gregorio C. Coronary spasm and myocardial bridging: an elusive pathophysiological mechanism leading to apical ballooning syndrome? European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care. 2016; 5: 501\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872613505231"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kounis NG, Cervellin G, Koniari I, Bonfanti L, Dousdampanis P, Charokopos N, et al. Anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse and Kounis syndrome: systemic vasodilation or coronary vasoconstriction? Annals of Translational Medicine. 2018; 6: 332.","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.09.05"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassio F, Almerigogna F. Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy or Kounis syndrome: finding differences and similarities to answer the question. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2013; 8: 637\u2013638.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0932-z"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellis C, Hunter A, Whitbourn R, MacIsaac A. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy afterobservinganaphylaxis. Internal Medicine Journal. 2009; 39: 630\u2013631.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2009.01926.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsiou O, Xirogiannis K, Gourgoulianis K. Kounis Syndrome: is it Really a Takotsubo-Like Syndrome? Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 2017; 27: 198\u2013200.","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0145"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai R, Parekh T, Patel U, Fong HK, Samani S, Patel C, et al. Epidemiology of acute coronary syndrome co-existent with allergic\/hypersensitivity\/anaphylactic reactions (Kounis syndrome) in the United States: a nationwide inpatient analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2019; 292: 35\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.06.002"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Looi JL, Lee M, Grey C, Webster M, To A, Kerr AJ. Seasonal variation in Takotsubo syndrome compared with myocardial infarction: ANZACS-QI 16. The New Zealand Medical Journal. 2018; 131: 21\u201329."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshizawa M, Itoh T, Morino Y, Taniai S, Ishibashi Y, Komatsu T, et al. Gender Differences in the Circadian and Seasonal Variations in Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome: a Multicenter Registry at Eight University Hospitals in East Japan. Internal Medicine. 2021; 60: 2749\u20132755.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.6910-20"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias A, N\u00fa\u00f1ez Gil IJ, Santoro F, Madias JE, Pelliccia F, Brunetti ND, et al. Takotsubo syndrome: State-of-the-art review by an expert panel \u2013 Part 1. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 2019; 20: 70\u201379.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2018.11.015"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izumo M, Akashi YJ. Role of echocardiography for takotsubo cardiomyopathy: clinical and prognostic implications. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2018; 8: 90\u2013100.","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.07.03"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. 2014 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014; 64: e139\u2013e228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.017"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaguszewski M, Osipova J, Ghadri J, Napp LC, Widera C, Franke J, et al. A signature of circulating microRNAs differentiates takotsubo cardiomyopathy from acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 2014; 35: 999\u20131006.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht392"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallabhajosyula S, Dunlay SM, Murphree DH, Barsness GW, Sandhu GS, Lerman A, et al. Cardiogenic Shock in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Versus Acute Myocardial Infarction: An 8-Year National Perspective on Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes. JACC: Heart Failure. 2019; 7: 469\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.12.007"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalewska-Adamiec M, Kuzma L, Dobrzycki S, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H. The GRACE scale in the prognosis of patients with Takotsubo syndrome. European Heart Journal. 2020; 41: 4340930.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/ehaa946.1814"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galiuto L, Crea F. Primary and secondary takotsubo syndrome: Pathophysiological determinant and prognosis. European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care. 2020; 9: 690\u2013693.","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872620963493"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isogai T, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Tanaka H, Ueda T, Horiguchi H, et al. Out-of-hospital versus in-hospital Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: analysis of 3719 patients in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in Japan. International Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 176: 413\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.110"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imori Y, Kato K, Cammann VL, Szawan KA, Wischnewsky M, Dreiding S, et al. Ethnic comparison in takotsubo syndrome: novel insights from the International Takotsubo Registry. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2022; 111: 186\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01857-4"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento D, Azevedo O, Santos R, Almeida A, Domingues K, Marmelo B, et al. Short- and medium-term prognosis of Takotsubo syndrome in a Portuguese population. Revista Portuguesa De Cardiologia. 2019; 38: 349\u2013357.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2018.07.010"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2018; 39: 119\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jernberg TJ, Omerovic EO, Hamilton EH, Lindmark KL, Desta LD, Alfredsson JA, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 2020; 41.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/ehaa946.1796"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurisu S, Kihara Y. Clinical management of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation Journal. 2014; 78: 1559\u20131566.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-0382"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg RJ, Spencer FA, Gore JM, Lessard D, Yarzebski J. Thirty-Year Trends (1975 to 2005) in the Magnitude of, Management of, and Hospital Death Rates Associated with Cardiogenic Shock in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: a population-based perspective. Circulation. 2009; 119: 1211\u20131219.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814947"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abumayyaleh M, El-Battrawy I, Kummer M, Gietzen T, Behnes M, Zhou XB, et al. Association Between Mortality and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome Versus Acute Coronary Syndrome. In Vivo. 2020; 34: 3639\u20133648.","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12210"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han P, Yang Z, Diao K, Huang S, Shen M, Zhang Y, et al. Comparison of clinical profiles between takotsubo .syndrome and acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Failure Reviews. 2019; 25: 847\u2013860.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09846-6"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesel L, Berthon C, Messas N, Lim HS, Girardey M, Marzak H, et al. Atrial arrhythmias in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis. EP Europace. 2019; 21: 298\u2013305.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy147"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed AS, Khalid U. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy vs acute myocardial infarction: diagnostic utility of subtle ECG differences. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011; 4: 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/1865-1380-4-17"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migliore F, Zorzi A, Peruzza F, Perazzolo Marra M, Tarantini G, Iliceto S, et al. Incidence and management of life-threatening arrhythmias in Takotsubo syndrome. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 166: 261\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.107"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar S, Kaushik S, Nautiyal A, Choudhary SK, Kayastha BL, Mostow N, et al. Cardiac rupture in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Clinical Cardiology. 2011; 34: 672\u2013676.","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20957"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanabe Y, Akashi YJ. Improving the understanding of Takotsubo syndrome: consequences of diagnosis and treatment. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2016; 14: 737\u2013748.","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2016.1149468"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gregorio C, Grimaldi P, Lentini C. Left ventricular thrombus formation and cardioembolic complications in patients with Takotsubo-like syndrome: a systematic review. International Journal of Cardiology. 2008; 131: 18\u201324.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.05.060"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, Sechtem U, Citro R, Underwood SR, et al. Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2016; 18: 8\u201327.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.424"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2 G, Saporito F, Trio O, Cerrito M, Oreto G, Arrigo F. Systemic embolism in takotsubo syndrome. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 134: e42\u2013e43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.12.074"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Battrawy I, Behnes M, Hillenbrand D, Haghi D, Hoffmann U, Papavassiliu T, et al. Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Predictors of Patients with Thromboembolic Events in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology. 2016; 10: 117\u2013122.","DOI":"10.4137\/CMC.S38151"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gregorio C. Cardioembolic outcomes in stress-related cardiomyopathy complicated by ventricular thrombus: a systematic review of 26 clinical studies. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 141: 11\u201317.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.468"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding KJ, Cammann VL, Szawan KA, Stahli BE, Wischnewsky M, Di Vece D, et al. Intraventricular Thrombus Formation and Embolism in Takotsubo Syndrome: Insights From the International Takotsubo Registry. Arterioscl Throm Vas Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2020; 40: 279\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313491"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadri J, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. European Heart Journal. 2018; 39: 2047\u20132062.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy077"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansencal N, Abbou N, Pilli\u00e8re R, El Mahmoud R, Farcot J, Dubourg O. Usefulness of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for assessment of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 103: 1020\u20131024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.12.015"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiermaier T, Moeller C, Oehler K, Desch S, Graf T, Eitel C, et al. Long-term excess mortality in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: predictors, causes and clinical consequences. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2016; 18: 650\u2013656.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.494"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Citro R, Radano I, Parodi G, Di Vece D, Zito C, Novo G, et al. Long\u2010term outcome in patients with Takotsubo syndrome presenting with severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019; 21: 781\u2013789.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1373"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagiyama N, Okura H, Tamada T, Imai K, Yamada R, Kume T, et al. Impact of right ventricular involvement on the prognosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal \u2013 Cardiovascular Imaging. 2016; 17: 210\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev145"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alashi A, Isaza N, Faulx J, Popovic ZB, Menon V, Ellis SG, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome: Incremental Prognostic Value of Baseline Left Ventricular Systolic Function. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020; 9: e016537.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016537"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eitel I, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Bernhardt P, Carbone I, Muellerleile K, Aldrovandi A, et al. Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2011; 306: 277\u2013286.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.992"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiermaier T, Rommel K, Eitel C, M\u00f6ller C, Graf T, Desch S, et al. Management of arrhythmias in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: is the implantation of permanent devices necessary? Heart Rhythm. 2017; 13: 1979\u20131986.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.06.013"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Battrawy I, Santoro F, Stiermaier T, M\u00f6ller C, Guastafierro F, Novo G, et al. Prevalence, management, and outcome of adverse rhythm disorders in takotsubo syndrome: insights from the international multicenter GEIST registry. Heart Failure Reviews. 2020; 25: 505\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09856-4"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ascenzo F, Gili S, Bertaina M, Iannaccone M, Cammann VL, Di Vece D, et al. Impact of aspirin on takotsubo syndrome: a propensity score-based analysis of the InterTAK Registry. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2020; 22: 330\u2013337.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1698"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato K, Di Vece D, Cammann VL, Micek J, Szawan KA, Bacchi B, et al. Takotsubo Recurrence: Morphological Types and Triggers and Identification of Risk Factors. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019; 73: 982\u2013984.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.033"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerasi C, Tripathi B, Banga S, McNown C, Jonnalagadda AK, Al-Qaisi S, et al. Predictors of 90-Day Readmission and in-Hospital Mortality in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: an Analysis of 28,079 Index Admissions. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 2019; 20: 973\u2013979.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2019.08.004"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau C, Chiu S, Nayak R, Lin B, Lee M. Survival and risk of recurrence of takotsubo syndrome. Heart. 2021; 107: 1160\u20131166.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318028"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh K, Carson K, Usmani Z, Sawhney G, Shah R, Horowitz J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence and correlates of recurrence of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. International Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 174: 696\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.221"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunez Gil IJ, Andres M, Almendro Delia M, Sionis A, Martin A, Bastante T, et al. Characterization of Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy in Spain: Results from the RETAKO National Registry. Revista Espanola DE Cardiologia. 2015; 68: 505\u2013512.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2014.07.026"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelliccia F, Pasceri V, Patti G, Tanzilli G, Speciale G, Gaudio C, et al. Long-Term Prognosis and Outcome Predictors in Takotsubo Syndrome. JACC: Heart Failure. 2019; 7: 143\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.10.009"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/23\/6\/10.31083\/j.rcm2306184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T17:44:43Z","timestamp":1732729483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/23\/6\/10.31083\/j.rcm2306184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530-6550(22)00532-4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.rcm2306184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6550","2153-8174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6550","type":"print"},{"value":"2153-8174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"article-number":"184"}}