{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:40:00Z","timestamp":1753890000351,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32071116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"LIAONING S&T Project","award":["2022JH2\/101500028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JH2\/101500028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) often experience pulmonary ventilation dysfunction following their initial event. However, there is insufficient research exploring the relationship between this dysfunction and CAD prognosis. Methods: To address this gap, a retrospective observational study was conducted involving 3800 CAD patients without prior pulmonary ventilation disease who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) during hospitalization between November 2015 and September 2021. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), such as death, myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization, and stroke. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize selection bias between the two groups, with a subgroup analysis stratified by smoking status. Results: The results showed that patients were divided into normal (n = 2159) and abnormal (n = 1641) groups based on their pulmonary ventilation function detected by CPET, with 1469 smokers and 2331 non-smokers. The median follow-up duration was 1237 (25\u201375% interquartile range 695\u20131596) days. The primary endpoint occurred in 390 patients (10.26%). 1472 patients in each of the two groups were enrolled in the current analysis after PSM, respectively. However, pulmonary function was not associated with MACE before (hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.99\u20131.47; Log-rank p = 0.069) or after PSM (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.86\u20131.34; Log-rank p = 0.545) among the entire population. Nonetheless, pulmonary ventilation dysfunction was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE in smoking patients (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.25\u20132.18; p &lt; 0.001) but not in non-smoking patients (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.60\u20131.09; p = 0.159). In addition, there was a significant interaction between current smoking status and pulmonary ventilation dysfunction on MACE (p for interaction &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Pulmonary ventilation dysfunction identified through CPET was independently associated with long-term poor prognosis in smoking patients with CAD but not in the overall population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2506197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T09:43:46Z","timestamp":1717148626000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Pulmonary Ventilation Dysfunction on Prognosis of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Single-Center, Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yu-Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Training Base of The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Beifang Hospital of China Medical University, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan-Chun","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ling","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet (London, England). 2016; 388: 1545\u20131602.","key":"ref1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet (London, England). 2016; 388: 1459\u20131544.","key":"ref2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa B, Llorens P, Gil V, Rossello X, Jacob J, Herrero P, et al. Prognosis of acute heart failure based on clinical data of congestion. Revista Clinica Espanola. 2022; 222: 321\u2013331.","key":"ref3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rceng.2021.07.004"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinese Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Thrombosis Prevention and Treatment Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Chinese Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiology Discovery. 2021; 1: 70\u2013104.","key":"ref4","DOI":"10.1097\/CD9.0000000000000025"},{"unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang S, Hu Q, Li Y, Ren Q, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors of patients with coronary heart disease after blood pressure drop during cardiopulmonary exercise test. Clinical Journal of Medical Officers. 2023; 51: 1018\u20131023. (In Chinese)","key":"ref5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghapour M, Raee P, Moghaddam SJ, Hiemstra PS, Heijink IH. Airway Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Role of Cigarette Smoke Exposure. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2018; 58: 157\u2013169.","key":"ref6","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0200TR"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King C, Mulugeta A, Nabi F, Walton R, Zhou A, Hypp\u00f6nen E. Mendelian randomization case-control PheWAS in UK Biobank shows evidence of causality for smoking intensity in 28 distinct clinical conditions. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 26: 100488.","key":"ref7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100488"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waters D, Lesp\u00e9rance J, Gladstone P, Boccuzzi SJ, Cook T, Hudgin R, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on the angiographic evolution of coronary atherosclerosis. A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) Substudy. CCAIT Study Group. Circulation. 1996; 94: 614\u2013621.","key":"ref8","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.4.614"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004; 43: 1731\u20131737.","key":"ref9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, et al. American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2006; 173: 1390\u20131413.","key":"ref10","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200508-1211ST"},{"unstructured":"Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, ZuWallack R, Nici L, Rochester C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 188: e13\u201364.","key":"ref11"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. The European Respiratory Journal. 2005; 26: 948\u2013968.","key":"ref12","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kia L, Cuttica MJ, Yang A, Donnan EN, Whitsett M, Singhvi A, et al. The utility of pulmonary function testing in predicting outcomes following liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation: Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2016; 22: 805\u2013811.","key":"ref13","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24426"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Arena R, Halle M, Piepoli MF, Myers J, Lavie CJ. 2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. European Heart Journal. 2018; 39: 1144\u20131161.","key":"ref14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw180"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N, Liu J, Ren Y, Cheng J. Diagnostic value of the cardiopulmonary exercise test in coronary artery disease. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2022; 14: 607\u2013613.","key":"ref15","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-22-24"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013; 128: 873\u2013934.","key":"ref16","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clinical exercise testing with reference to lung diseases: indications, standardization and interpretation strategies. ERS Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Exercise Testing. European Respiratory Society. The European Respiratory Journal. 1997; 10: 2662\u20132689.","key":"ref17","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112662"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, Boam A, Cohen DJ, van Es GA, et al. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2344\u20132351.","key":"ref18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685313"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 72: 2231\u20132264.","key":"ref19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1038"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011; 123: 2736\u20132747.","key":"ref20","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rosendael AR, Bax AM, van den Hoogen IJ, Smit JM, Al\u2019Aref SJ, Achenbach S, et al. Associations between dyspnoea, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular outcomes: results from the long-term follow-up CONFIRM registry. European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2022; 23: 266\u2013274.","key":"ref21","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa323"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakanishi R, Rana JS, Rozanski A, Cheng VY, Gransar H, Thomson LEJ, et al. Relationship of dyspnea vs. typical angina to coronary artery disease severity, burden, composition and location on coronary CT angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2013; 230: 61\u201366.","key":"ref22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook DG, Shaper AG. Breathlessness, angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989; 63: 921\u2013924.","key":"ref23","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)90140-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abidov A, Rozanski A, Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Aboul-Enein F, Cohen I, et al. Prognostic significance of dyspnea in patients referred for cardiac stress testing. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353: 1889\u20131898.","key":"ref24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042741"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffei E, Seitun S, Martini C, Guaricci AI, Tarantini G, van Pelt N, et al. Prognostic value of CT coronary angiography in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with suspected CAD: importance of presenting symptoms. Insights into Imaging. 2011; 2: 25\u201338.","key":"ref25","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-010-0053-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Dorn J, Grant BJ, Winkelstein W, Jr, Trevisan M. Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study. Chest. 2000; 118: 656\u2013664.","key":"ref26","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.656"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sin DD, Wu L, Man SFP. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest. 2005; 127: 1952\u20131959.","key":"ref27","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.6.1952"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storey RF, Bliden KP, Patil SB, Karunakaran A, Ecob R, Butler K, et al. Incidence of dyspnea and assessment of cardiac and pulmonary function in patients with stable coronary artery disease receiving ticagrelor, clopidogrel, or placebo in the ONSET\/OFFSET study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010; 56: 185\u2013193.","key":"ref28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.062"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng XY, An HJ, He YY, Ye YF, Zhao JL, Li S. High-Dose Clopidogrel versus Ticagrelor in CYP2C19 intermediate or poor metabolizers after percutaneous coronary intervention: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2022; 47: 1112\u20131121.","key":"ref29","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13665"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turgeon RD, Koshman SL, Youngson E, Har B, Wilton SB, James MT, et al. Association of Ticagrelor vs Clopidogrel With Major Adverse Coronary Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2020; 180: 420\u2013428.","key":"ref30","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.6447"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and early atherogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2014; 34: 509\u2013515.","key":"ref31","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przysucha N, G\u00f3rska K, Maskey-Warz\u0119chowska M, Proboszcz M, Nejman-Gryz P, Papli\u0144ska-Goryca M, et al. The Role of Chitinases in Chronic Airway Inflammation Associated with Tobacco Smoke Exposure. Cells. 2022; 11: 3765.","key":"ref32","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233765"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franssen FME, Soriano JB, Roche N, Bloomfield PH, Brusselle G, Fabbri LM, et al. Lung Function Abnormalities in Smokers with Ischemic Heart Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2016; 194: 568\u2013576.","key":"ref33","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2480OC"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/25\/6\/10.31083\/j.rcm2506197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T19:15:39Z","timestamp":1732734939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/25\/6\/10.31083\/j.rcm2506197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530-6550(24)01296-1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.rcm2506197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6550","2153-8174"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-6550"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2153-8174"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"article-number":"197"}}