{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:16:41Z","timestamp":1791400601130,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","award":["2019-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-009"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Neurology","award":["2024SSY06081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SSY06081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sleep disturbance and autonomic dysfunction are often found in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients, but little is known about changes in cyclic alternating patterns (CAPs) of electroencephalographic (EEG) activities and heart rate variability (HRV) during deep sleep in PD patients. Objectives: To investigate changes in EEG activities and HRV during CAPs and non-CAPs (NCAPs) of N3 sleep in PD patients. Methods: Polysomnographic (PSG) examinations were carried out on 18 PD patients and 18 healthy controls, and power spectral analysis of EEG activities and HRV during CAPs and NCAPs (the segment of sleep without CAPs for more than 60 seconds) of N3 sleep were carried out. Results: The percentages of N3 sleep with CAPs and CAP A1, as well as the CAP A1 index in the PD patients, were significantly smaller compared with the healthy controls. In addition, the power of \u03b1 waves in NCAPs was significantly higher, while the powers of \u03b4 waves in Phase A and B of CAP A1 and A3, and NCAPs were significantly smaller. Furthermore, the durations of total \u03b4 waves and \u03b4 waves with an amplitude \u226575 \u03bcV were significantly shorter, and the low frequency (LF) power of HRV during CAPs and the LF\/high frequency (HF) HRV ratio during both CAPs and NCAPs were significantly smaller. Conclusions: The changes documented in EEG activities and HRV in PD patients during CAPs and NCAPs of N3 sleep compared with healthy controls suggest that N3 sleep quality and sympathetic function are compromised in PD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/jin26397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T12:53:01Z","timestamp":1743166381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cyclic Alternating Pattern of EEG Activities and Heart Rate Variability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients during Deep Sleep"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9352-3966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zilin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University 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