{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:14:16Z","timestamp":1783422856116,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neurological disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising therapeutic tool for neurological disorders. However, a consensus on clinical recommendations for using tDCS in patients with neurological disorders is lacking. In this umbrella review, we aimed to establish evidence-based guidance for using tDCS to treat neurological disorders. Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines 2020. PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were systematically searched to identify and evaluate existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of tDCS for neurological disorders. Quality was assessed using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model was employed for reanalysis. Results: A total of 17 systematic reviews and meta-analyses encompassing 358 randomized controlled trials and 7160 participants were analyzed. tDCS demonstrated efficacy across seven distinct health conditions, including stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cerebellar ataxia, fibromyalgia, disorders of consciousness, and migraine. Adverse effects were rarely reported, with the exception of mood changes associated with fibromyalgia. Our results indicated that tDCS significantly improved 34 distinct health outcomes related to these conditions. Conclusions: We found that tDCS may be a promising treatment for neurological disorders, with mild and infrequent adverse effects. Further studies are warranted to validate the therapeutic potential of tDCS in the reported neurological conditions, investigate additional neurological health outcomes, and explore the underlying mechanisms of tDCS effects. The PROSPERO Registration: CRD42024589432, https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024589432.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/jin47145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:18:12Z","timestamp":1783419492000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Multiple Health Outcomes in Neurological Disorders: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3305-6817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tianfeng","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-3428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Medicine and Precision Rehabilitation of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. Neurology. 2024; 23: 344\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou T, de Havenon A, Sheth KN, Ross JS. Disability Status and Secondary Prevention Among Survivors of Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2023; 12: e030869.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030869"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dziewas R, Michou E, Trapl-Grundschober M, Lal A, Arsava EM, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Swallowing Disorders guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. European Stroke Journal. 2021; 6: LXXXIX\u2013CXV.","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211039721"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou J, Fangma Y, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Post-Stroke Neuropsychiatric Complications: Types, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Intervention. Aging and Disease. 2023; 14: 2127\u20132152.","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0310-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. Journal of Neurology. 2022; 269: 1236\u20131249.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10597-4"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo Y, Qiao L, Li M, Wen X, Zhang W, Li X. Global, regional, national epidemiology and trends of Parkinson\u2019s disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2025; 16: 1498756.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1498756"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su D, Cui Y, He C, Yin P, Bai R, Zhu J, et al. Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2025; 388: e080952.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. Public Health. 2022; 7: e105\u2013e125.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Han S, Zhu H, Wang Q, Cheng S, Han Y, et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Early-Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias in Young Adults Aged 40-64 Years, 1990-2021: A Population-Based Study. European Journal of Neurology. 2025; 32: e70116.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70116"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mills JA, Marks E, Reynolds T, Cieza A. Rehabilitation: Essential along the Continuum of Care. In Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock CN, et al. (eds.) Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd edn. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank: Washington (DC). 2017.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0527-1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valiengo LDCL, Goerigk S, Gordon PC, Padberg F, Serpa MH, Koebe S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treating Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020; 77: 121\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3199"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kronberg G, Bridi M, Abel T, Bikson M, Parra LC. Direct Current Stimulation Modulates LTP and LTD: Activity Dependence and Dendritic Effects. Brain Stimulation. 2017; 10: 51\u201358.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuo MF, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Therapeutic effects of non-invasive brain stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) in neuropsychiatric diseases. NeuroImage. 2014; 85 Pt 3: 948\u2013960.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ho\u2010yin Lai F. Application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance attention, visuo\u2010motor coordination and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: Neuropsychology\/Neuropsychological correlates of physiologic markers of cognitive decline\/Dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia. 2020; 16: e036427.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.036427"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng X, Alsop DC, Schlaug G. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on human regional cerebral blood flow. NeuroImage. 2011; 58: 26\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009; 151: W65\u2013W94.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pitre T, Zeraatkar D, Kachkovski GV, Leung G, Shligold E, Dowhanik S, et al. Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies in Adult Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Chest. 2023; 164: 913\u2013928.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.04.022"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Radua J. Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evidence-based Mental Health. 2018; 21: 95\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300014"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ioannidis JPA. Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: a primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L\u2019Association Medicale Canadienne. 2009; 181: 488\u2013493.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081086"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017; 358: j4008.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2013; 66: 719\u2013725.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.03.013"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials. 1986; 7: 177\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hartung J, Knapp G. A refined method for the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Statistics in Medicine. 2001; 20: 3875\u20133889.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1009"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2014; 14: 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00f6ver C, Knapp G, Friede T. Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman approach and its modification for random-effects meta-analysis with few studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2015; 15: 99.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0091-1"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003; 327: 557\u2013560.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graham PL, Moran JL. Robust meta-analytic conclusions mandate the provision of prediction intervals in meta-analysis summaries. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2012; 65: 503\u2013510.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.09.012"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997; 315: 629\u2013634.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duval S, Tweedie R. A Nonparametric \u201cTrim and Fill\u201d Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2000; 95: 89\u201398.","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2000.10473905"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lyu Z, Liu F, Xiu H, Tu S, Lin R. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Global Cognitive Functioning and Ability in Daily Life Activities in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2023; 102: 965\u2013974.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002263"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Li HP, Wu MX, Wang QY, Zeng X. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2022; 142: 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.07.369"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang X, Zhang N, Shen Z, Guo X, Xing J, Tian S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for upper extremity motor dysfunction in poststroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2024; 38: 749\u2013769.","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155241235336"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chow AMD, Shin J, Wang H, Kellawan JM, Pereira HM. Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Dosage and Associated Therapy on Motor Recovery Post-stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022; 14: 821915.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.821915"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang J, Qu Y, Liu L, Zhao K, Zhao Z. Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke spasticity: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2022; 36: 158\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211038097"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong K, Meng S, Guo Z, Zhang R, Xu P, Yuan E, et al. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Gait in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021; 12: 650925.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.650925"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao N, Sun W, Xiao Z, Fan C, Zeng B, Xu K, et al. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Poststroke Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022; 103: 1436\u20131447.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.03.004"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salazar APS, Vaz PG, Marchese RR, Stein C, Pinto C, Pagnussat AS. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Improves Hemispatial Neglect After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2018; 99: 355\u2013366.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.07.009"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Souza Souto JJ, Edite Cas\u00e9 de Oliveira M, Silva GM, Nascimento de Sousa JM, Fernandes Franco CI, Dos Santos NA. Transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease, a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult. 2024; 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2024.2367108"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hou Y, Liu F, Su G, Tu S, Lyu Z. Systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for global cognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 2024; 59: 261\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2024.07.013"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen TX, Yang CY, Willson G, Lin CC, Kuo SH. The Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Cerebellar Ataxia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebellum (London, England). 2021; 20: 124\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01181-z"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang CL, Qu Y, Huang JP, Wang TT, Zhang H, Chen Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology. 2024; 54: 102944.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2024.102944"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima AE, Telles JP, Dantas J, Fernandes AC, Ribeiro GBS, Barbosa VL, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves seizures frequency in drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic-review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B. 2024; 159: 109974.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109974"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fan W, Fan Y, Liao Z, Yin Y. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2023; 102: 1102\u20131110.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002290"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nombela-Cabrera R, P\u00e9rez-Nombela S, Avenda\u00f1o-Coy J, Comino-Su\u00e1rez N, Arroyo-Fern\u00e1ndez R, G\u00f3mez-Soriano J, et al. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on balance and gait in patients with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2023; 20: 142.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01266-w"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai G, Xia Z, Charvet L, Xiao F, Datta A, Androulakis XM. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Repeated Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Migraine. Journal of Pain Research. 2021; 14: 1171\u20131183.","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S295704"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu X, Liu H, Liu Z, Rao J, Wang J, Wang P, et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2021; 13: 746797.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.746797"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sloane KL, Hamilton RH. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Ameliorate Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14: 614.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14060614"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsner B, Kugler J, Mehrholz J. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia after stroke: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2020; 17: 88.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00708-z"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hao W, Liu Y, Gao Y, Gong X, Ning Y. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of post-stroke depression: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023; 13: 955209.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.955209"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng EZ, Wong NML, Yang ASY, Lee TMC. Evaluating the effects of tDCS on depressive and anxiety symptoms from a transdiagnostic perspective: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Translational Psychiatry. 2024; 14: 295.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03003-w"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. The Journal of Physiology. 2000; 527 Pt 3: 633\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang L, Shi A, Xue H, Li Q, Wang J, Yang H, et al. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Conventional Swallowing Rehabilitation Training on Post-stroke Dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2023; 38: 1537\u20131545.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-023-10581-2"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agius Anastasi A, Falzon O, Camilleri K, Vella M, Muscat R. Brain Symmetry Index in Healthy and Stroke Patients for Assessment and Prognosis. Stroke Research and Treatment. 2017; 2017: 8276136.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8276136"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stagg CJ, Lin RL, Mezue M, Segerdahl A, Kong Y, Xie J, et al. Widespread modulation of cerebral perfusion induced during and after transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2013; 33: 11425\u201311431.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3887-12.2013"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin Y, Xu J, Ng SSM. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor function among people with stroke: evidence mapping. Systematic Reviews. 2025; 14: 60.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02795-2"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holgado D, Sanabria D, Vadillo MA, Rom\u00e1n-Caballero R. Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? An umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2024; 164: 105821.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105821"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schlaug G, Cassarly C, Feld JA, Wolf SL, Rowe VT, Fritz S, et al. Safety and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in addition to constraint-induced movement therapy for post-stroke motor recovery (TRANSPORT2): a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled triple-blind trial. The Lancet. Neurology. 2025; 24: 400\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00044-4"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beretta VS, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o NR, N\u00f3brega-Sousa P, Orcioli-Silva D, Dantas LKBF, Gobbi LTB, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical or cognitive training in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2020; 17: 74.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00701-6"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton CZ, Garnett EO, Capellari E, Chang SE, Tso IF, Hampstead BM, et al. Combined Cognitive Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2023; 8: 151\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.09.014"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elder GJ, Taylor JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias? Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy. 2014; 6: 74.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-014-0074-1"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinkelbach L, Brambilla M, Manenti R, Brem AK. Non-invasive brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Exploiting crossroads of cognition and mood. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017; 75: 407\u2013418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.021"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bindman LJ, Lippold OCJ, Redfearn JWT. The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. The Journal of Physiology. 1964; 172: 369\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Begemann MJ, Brand BA, \u0106ur\u010di\u0107-Blake B, Aleman A, Sommer IE. Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2020; 50: 2465\u20132486.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003670"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duan Z, Zhang C. Transcranial direct current stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of motor and cognitive effects. NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2024; 10: 214.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00821-z"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nascimento LR, do Carmo WA, de Oliveira GP, Ar\u00eaas FZDS, Dias FMV. Transcranial direct current stimulation provides no clinically important benefits over walking training for improving walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2021; 67: 190\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2021.06.003"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee JH, Jun JS, Kang N, Kim R, Choi BJ, Byun K, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with motor training for motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. 2025; 109: 102781.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102781"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dagan M, Herman T, Harrison R, Zhou J, Giladi N, Ruffini G, et al. Multitarget transcranial direct current stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2018; 33: 642\u2013646.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27300"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee H, Choi BJ, Kang N. Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances motor and cognitive performances during dual tasks in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2024; 21: 205.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01505-8"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koch G, Altomare D, Benussi A, Br\u00e9chet L, Casula EP, Dodich A, et al. The emerging field of non-invasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2024; 147: 4003\u20134016.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae292"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koo GK, Gaur A, Tumati S, Kusumo RW, Bawa KK, Herrmann N, et al. Identifying factors influencing cognitive outcomes after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2023; 146: 105047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105047"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu M, Song W, Wang X, Teng L, Li J, Zhang J, et al. Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions on cognitive impairment: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2025; 22: 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01566-3"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prathum T, Chantanachai T, Vimolratana O, Laksanaphuk C, Apiworajirawit I, Aneksan B, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairments: the influence of dosage parameters. Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy. 2025; 17: 37.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01677-y"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrera-Melendez AL, Bajbouj M, Aust S. Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Psychiatry. Neuropsychobiology. 2020; 79: 372\u2013383.","DOI":"10.1159\/000501227"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra A, Dervenoulas G, Politis M, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology. 2019; 266: 1293\u20131302.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9016-3"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khedr EM, Salama RH, Abdel Hameed M, Abo Elfetoh N, Seif P. Therapeutic Role of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease Patients: Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2019; 33: 384\u2013394.","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319840285"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoxha E, Balbo I, Miniaci MC, Tempia F. Purkinje Cell Signaling Deficits in Animal Models of Ataxia. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 2018; 10: 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2018.00006"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gong C, Long Y, Peng XM, Hu H, Chen J, Xiao L, et al. Efficacy and safety of noninvasive brain stimulation for patients with cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neurology. 2023; 270: 4782\u20134799.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11799-8"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pilloni G, Shaw M, Feinberg C, Clayton A, Palmeri M, Datta A, et al. Long term at-home treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves symptoms of cerebellar ataxia: a case report. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2019; 16: 41.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0514-z"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng YC, Chen WY, Su MI, Tu YK, Chiu CC, Huang WL. Efficacy of neuromodulation on the treatment of fibromyalgia: A network meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2024; 87: 103\u2013123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.01.007"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conde-Ant\u00f3n \u00c1, Hernando-Garijo I, Jim\u00e9nez-Del-Barrio S, Mingo-G\u00f3mez MT, Medrano-de-la-Fuente R, Ceballos-Laita L. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia. A systematic review. Neurologia. 2023; 38: 427\u2013439.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2020.07.025"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bair MJ, Krebs EE. Fibromyalgia. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020; 172: ITC33\u2013ITC48.","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202003030"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Anzolin A, Berry M, Honari H, Paschali M, Lazaridou A, et al. Dynamic Functional Brain Connectivity Underlying Temporal Summation of Pain in Fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.). 2022; 74: 700\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42013"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mosilhy EA, Alshial EE, Eltaras MM, Rahman MMA, Helmy HI, Elazoul AH, et al. Non-invasive transcranial brain modulation for neurological disorders treatment: A narrative review. Life Sciences. 2022; 307: 120869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120869"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ou Z, Hao N, Zhang H, Zhang E, Zhou D, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of epilepsy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Frontiers in Neurology. 2024; 15: 1462364.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1462364"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Islam K, Starnes K, Smith KM, Richner T, Gregg N, Rabinstein AA, et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation as focal epilepsy treatment in the hospital, clinic, and home. Epilepsia Open. 2025; 10: 787\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70033"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"San-Juan D, Morales-Quezada L, Orozco Gardu\u00f1o AJ, Alonso-Vanegas M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Arag\u00f3n MF, Espinoza L\u00f3pez DA, et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Epilepsy. Brain Stimulation. 2015; 8: 455\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.001"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding XT, Hu MY, Wang C, Kang WY, Huang JZ, Wang RY, et al. The safety and effectiveness of tDCS for epileptic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2025; 89: 103142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103142"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang WP, Lu HC, Shyu BC. Treatment with direct-current stimulation against cingulate seizure-like activity induced by 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline in an in vitro mouse model. Experimental Neurology. 2015; 265: 180\u2013192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.002"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008. Brain Stimulation. 2008; 1: 206\u2013223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thibaut A, Bruno MA, Ledoux D, Demertzi A, Laureys S. tDCS in patients with disorders of consciousness: sham-controlled randomized double-blind study. Neurology. 2014; 82: 1112\u20131118.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000260"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thibaut A, Wannez S, Donneau A-F, Chatelle C, Gosseries O, Bruno M-A, et al. Controlled clinical trial of repeated prefrontal tDCS in patients with chronic minimally conscious state. Brain Injury. 2017; 31: 466\u2013474.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1274776"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thibaut A, Chennu S, Chatelle C, Martens G, Annen J, Cassol H, et al. Theta network centrality correlates with tDCS response in disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimulation. 2018; 11: 1407\u20131409.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.002"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thibaut A, Fregni F, Estraneo A, Fiorenza S, Noe E, Llorens R, et al. Sham-controlled randomized multicentre trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for prolonged disorders of consciousness. European Journal of Neurology. 2023; 30: 3016\u20133031.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15974"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thibaut A, Schiff N, Giacino J, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Therapeutic interventions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. The Lancet. Neurology. 2019; 18: 600\u2013614.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30031-6"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu S, Gao Q, Guan M, Chen Y, Cheng S, Yang L, et al. Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022; 13: 998953.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.998953"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng Y, Zhao J, Lu X, Dong J, Zhang S, Zhang J, et al. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients With Minimally Conscious State. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022; 13: 821286.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.821286"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng Y, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Bai Z, Yin Y. Noninvasive brain stimulation for patients with a disorder of consciousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2020.  (online ahead of print)","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0033"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma H, Zhao K, Jia C, You J, Zhou M, Wang T, et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation for patients with disorders of consciousness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2023; 16: 1081278.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1081278"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo V, Terranova C, Crupi D, Sant\u2019angelo A, Girlanda P, Quartarone A. Increased transcranial direct current stimulation after effects during concurrent peripheral electrical nerve stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2014; 7: 113\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.10.002"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barra ME, Solt K, Yu X, Edlow BL. Restoring consciousness with pharmacologic therapy: Mechanisms, targets, and future directions. Neurotherapeutics: the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. 2024; 21: e00374.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00374"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chmiel J, St\u0119pie\u0144-S\u0142odkowska M. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-A Review and Insight into Possible Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13: 7793.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247793"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duan H, Jing Y, Li Y, Lian Y, Li J, Li Z. Rehabilitation treatment of multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023; 14: 1168821.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1168821"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu WY, Cheng CH, Zanto TP, Gazzaley A, Bove RM. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cognition, Mood, Pain, and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021; 12: 626113.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.626113"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashrafi A, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Seydi M. The effect of tDCS on the fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2020; 78: 277\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.106"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Pacheco-Barrios K, Yuksel B, Gonzalez-Mego P, Soysal A, Fregni F. Non-invasive brain stimulation on clinical symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2023; 78: 104927.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104927"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hodaj H, Payen JF, Mick G, Vercueil L, Hodaj E, Dumolard A, et al. Long-term prophylactic efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in chronic migraine. A randomised, patient-assessor blinded, sham-controlled trial. Brain Stimulation. 2022; 15: 441\u2013453.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.02.012"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen YL, Chen Q, Li LW, Hua C, Zhang XY, Zheng H. Non-invasive brain stimulation treatments for migraine prophylaxis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Neurologica Belgica. 2023; 123: 1481\u20131493.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02277-z"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang L, Zhang Y, Jing F, Long T, Qin G, Zhang D, et al. P2X7R-mediated autophagic impairment contributes to central sensitization in a chronic migraine model with recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation in mice. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2021; 18: 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02056-0"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Hessenthaler S, Fresnoza S, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2013; 6: 424\u2013432.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.011"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apar\u00edcio LVM, Guarienti F, Razza LB, Carvalho AF, Fregni F, Brunoni AR. A Systematic Review on the Acceptability and Tolerability of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment in Neuropsychiatry Trials. Brain Stimulation. 2016; 9: 671\u2013681.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.05.004"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown GL, Brown MT. Transcranial electrical stimulation in neurological disease. Neural Regeneration Research. 2022; 17: 2221\u20132222.","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.335796"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ko MH. Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation. Brain & NeuroRehabilitation. 2021; 14: e9.","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e9"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2014; 348: g1687.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/25\/6\/10.31083\/JIN47145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:20:12Z","timestamp":1783419612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/25\/6\/10.31083\/JIN47145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S0219-6352(26)01074-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/jin47145","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-6352","1757-448X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-6352","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-448X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"article-number":"47145"}}