{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:18:06Z","timestamp":1788441486329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008868","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BE2022821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Integr. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to long-term cognitive deficits. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation approach with potential to enhance cognitive recovery. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tDCS influences neural synapses following mild TBI remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the optimal HD-tDCS intervention cycle for improving cognition after repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) in mice and to elucidate synaptic mechanisms.Methods:Male C57BL\/6J mice underwent mild closed-head injury and received HD-tDCS (0.5 mA, 20 min\/day) over the right parietal cortex. Cognitive performance was evaluated after 5, 10, and 15 days of stimulation using Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Synaptic protein expression (PSD-95, SYN, NMDAR, GluA1) and BDNF\/TrkB\/CREB signaling pathway components were assessed via Western blot, while c-Fos expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. Dendritic spine density was examined using Golgi staining. In addition, exploratory molecular modeling was performed to assess potential interactions between electric fields and the BDNF-TrkB complex. Separately, to contextualize our experimental findings, we also analyzed the public single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset GSE180862 as part of the study design.Results: HD-tDCS improved learning and memory performance, with the 15-day protocol showing the most robust effects among the tested schedules at the same post-injury endpoint. Behavioral improvements were accompanied by increased expression of BDNF-associated signaling proteins, elevated synaptic marker levels, and enhanced dendritic spine density in the hippocampus. In the 15-day stimulation group, a numerical trend toward sustained cognitive benefit was observed at 2 weeks after the end of stimulation, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Molecular modeling suggested potential field-protein interactions but did not establish direct conformational modulation in vivo.Conclusions:Cognitive recovery improved following HD-tDCS intervention, accompanied by upregulation of BDNF\/TrkB\/CREB pathway-related proteins, synaptic markers, and dendritic spine density. These findings suggest a close association between repeated HD-tDCS and plasticity-related molecular changes after brain injury, although causal evidence for pathway activation requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/jin52353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:51:46Z","timestamp":1788439906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) Enhances Cognitive Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury Through Synaptic PlasticityRelated Changes"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9914-9080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zijia","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5121-5990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2351-0998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7731-0500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maosheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8541-9295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanming","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5105-1352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-5955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziesel D, Nowakowska M, Scheruebel S, Kornmueller K, Sch\u00e4fer U, Schindl R, et al. Electrical stimulation methods and protocols for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a critical review of preclinical research. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2023; 20: 51.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01159-y"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang JY, Gao GY, Feng JF, Mao Q, Chen LG, Yang XF, et al. Traumatic brain injury in China. The Lancet. Neurology. 2019; 18: 286\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30469-1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu E, Li T, Li Z, Su H, Yan Q, Wang L, et al. Metabolomics reveals the effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on neurogenesis and axon regeneration after experimental traumatic brain injury. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2023; 61: 1054\u20131064.","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2023.2229379"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murrough JW, Charney DS. Is there anything really novel on the antidepressant horizon? Current Psychiatry Reports. 2012; 14: 643\u2013649.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0321-8"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rostami E, Krueger F, Plantman S, Davidsson J, Agoston D, Rising M. Alteration in BDNF and its receptors, full-length and truncated TrkB and p75NTR following penetrating traumatic brain injury. Brain Research. 2014; 1542: 195\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.10.047"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han M, Zeng D, Tan W, Chen X, Bai S, Wu Q, et al. Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior. Neural Regeneration Research. 2025; 20: 159\u2013173.","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01419"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren B, Kang J, Wang Y, Meng X, Huang Y, Bai Y, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function via the OXA-TF-AKT\/ERK signaling pathway in traumatic brain injury. Aging. 2024; 16: 6566\u20136587.","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205724"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tien HH, Liu WY, Chen YL, Wu YC, Lien HY. Transcranial direct current stimulation for improving ambulation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2020; 43: 299\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000427"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chua EF, Ahmed R, Garcia SM. Effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory for general knowledge questions that vary by difficulty. Brain Stimulation. 2017; 10: 231\u2013241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.013"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung DH, Lee JH, Lee HJ, Park JW, Jung YJ, Shin HK, et al. Therapeutic effects of a novel electrode for transcranial direct current stimulation in ischemic stroke mice. Theranostics. 2024; 14: 1325\u20131343.","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.90779"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bikson M, Datta A, Rahman A, Scaturro J. Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: role of \"return\" electrode's position and size. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010; 121: 1976\u20131978.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bortoletto M, Rodella C, Salvador R, Miranda PC, Miniussi C. Reduced Current Spread by Concentric Electrodes in Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES). Brain Stimulation. 2016; 9: 525\u2013528.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reiss D, Nielsen L, Godfrey K, McEwen B, Power C, Seeman T, et al. Midlife reversibility of early-established biobehavioral risk factors: A research agenda. Developmental Psychology. 2019; 55: 2203\u20132218.","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000780"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boondam Y, Songvut P, Tantisira MH, Tapechum S, Tilokskulchai K, Pakaprot N. Inverted U-shaped response of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) on memory enhancement. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9: 8404.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44867-z"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiegand A, Nieratschker V, Plewnia C. Genetic modulation of transcranial direct current stimulation effects on cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2016; 10: 651.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00651"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu W, Lin X, Gao S, Li C. Corrigendum to \"Age-related changes of inactivating BK channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons\" [J. Neurol. Sci 358 (1-2) (November 15 2015) 138-145]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2016; 364: 200\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.02.001"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung DH, Ahn SM, Pak ME, Lee HJ, Jung YJ, Kim KB, et al. Therapeutic effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in a rat model of ADHD. elife. 2020; 9: e56359.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56359"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Zhai X, Yu C. Spatial distribution-based progression of spinal cord injury pathology: a key role for neuroimmune cells. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025; 15: 1505755.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1505755"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahn SM, Jung DH, Lee HJ, Pak ME, Jung YJ, Shin YI, et al. Contralesional Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Functional Improvement in Ischemic Stroke Mice. Stroke. 2020; 51: 2208\u20132218.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029221"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson MP, Rahman A, Lafon B, Kronberg G, Ling D, Parra LC, et al. Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016; 127: 3425\u20133454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alekseichuk I, Mantell K, Shirinpour S, Opitz A. Comparative modeling of transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in mouse, monkey, and human. NeuroImage. 2019; 194: 136\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.044"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2013; 14: 128\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3407"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang LM, Zhang DX, Miao HT, Song RX, Shao JJ, Liu JZ, et al. Spautin-1 administration mitigates mild TBI-induced cognitive and memory dysfunction in mice via activation of caspase-3. International Immunopharmacology. 2023; 117: 109906.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109906"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou M, Liu YW, He YH, Zhang JY, Guo H, Wang H, et al. FOXO1 reshapes neutrophils to aggravate acute brain damage and promote late depression after traumatic brain injury. Military Medical Research. 2024; 11: 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00523-w"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Franklin KBJ, Paxinos G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 3rd ed. Elsevier\/Academic Press: Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2008."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwartz K, Pacharinsak C. Mouse Anesthesia and Analgesia. Current Protocols. 2024; 4: e1006.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.1006"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Janke AL, Ullmann JFP. Robust methods to create ex vivo minimum deformation atlases for brain mapping. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2015; 73: 18\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.01.005"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katoch N, Kim Y, Choi BK, Ha SW, Kim TH, Yoon EJ, et al. Estimation of brain tissue response by electrical stimulation in a subject-specific model implemented by conductivity tensor imaging. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2023; 17: 1197452.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1197452"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lou N, Zhu Y, Du X, Wang L, Tang H, Hu S, et al. Sex-specific behavioral changes in middle-aged mice. Scientific Reports. 2025; 15: 21992.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05001-4"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kraeuter AK, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. The Y-Maze for Assessment of Spatial Working and Reference Memory in Mice. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2019; 1916: 105\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8994-2_10"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Y-maze protocol (IMPC_YMZ_001). IMPReSS: International Mouse Phenotyping Resource of Standardised Screens. Available at: https:\/\/www.mousephenotype.org\/impress\/ProcedureInfo?action=list&procID=955 (Accessed: 17 January 2026)."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Maze Engineers. Novel Object Recognition Test in Mice. ConductScience. Available at: https:\/\/maze.conductscience.com\/novel-object-recognition-test-mice\/ (Accessed: 17 January 2026)."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da Costa VF, Ram\u00edrez JCC, Ram\u00edrez SV, Avalo-Zuluaga JH, Baptista-de-Souza D, Canto-de-Souza L, et al. Emotional- and cognitive-like responses induced by social defeat stress in male mice are modulated by the BNST, amygdala, and hippocampus. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2023; 17: 1168640.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2023.1168640"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbati SA, Cocco S, Longo V, Spinelli M, Gironi K, Mattera A, et al. Enhancing Plasticity Mechanisms in the Mouse Motor Cortex by Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation: The Contribution of Nitric Oxide Signaling. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2020; 30: 2972\u20132985.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz288"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arneson D, Zhang G, Ahn IS, Ying Z, Diamante G, Cely I, et al. Systems spatiotemporal dynamics of traumatic brain injury at single-cell resolution reveals humanin as a therapeutic target. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS. 2022; 79: 480.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04495-9"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hao Y, Hao S, Andersen-Nissen E, Mauck WM 3rd, Zheng S, Butler A, et al. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell. 2021; 184: 3573\u20133587.e29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Korsunsky I, Millard N, Fan J, Slowikowski K, Zhang F, Wei K, et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nature Methods. 2019; 16: 1289\u20131296.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qi S, Liu X, Yu J, Liang Z, Liu Y, Wang X. Temporally interfering electric fields brain stimulation in primary motor cortex of mice promotes motor skill through enhancing neuroplasticity. Brain Stimulation. 2024; 17: 245\u2013257.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.02.014"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guan L, Qi B, Tan J, Chen Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q, et al. Structural Insight into the Inactive\/Active States of 5-HT1AR and Molecular Mechanisms of Electric Fields in Modulating 5-HT1AR. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2025; 65: 2066\u20132079.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.4c02278"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang J, Rauscher S, Nawrocki G, Ran T, Feig M, de Groot BL, et al. CHARMM36m: an improved force field for folded and intrinsically disordered proteins. Nature Methods. 2017; 14: 71\u201373.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4067"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baugh EH, Lyskov S, Weitzner BD, Gray JJ. Real-time PyMOL visualization for Rosetta and PyRosetta. PloS One. 2011; 6: e21931.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021931"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahorsu DK, Adjaottor ES, Lam BYH. Intervention Effect of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation on Cognitive Functions among People with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11: 840.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070840"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong HL, Chan WC, Wong YL, Wong SN, Yung HY, Wong SMC, et al. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation-An open-label pilot intervention in alleviating depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits in late-life depression. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2019; 25: 1244\u20131253.","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13253"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schubiger MN, Fichtel C, Burkart JM. Validity of Cognitive Tests for Non-human Animals: Pitfalls and Prospects. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 1835.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01835"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Souza Nicolau E, Nogueira Souza AC, Freitas Rosa DV, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. A rapid and efficient mouse model for transcranial direct current stimulation: enhanced cognitive performance and molecular alterations after anodal stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2025; 18: 577\u2013577.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.12.1052"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gipson CD, Olive MF. Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines \u2013 root or result of behavior? Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 2016; 16: 101\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12324"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alashram AR. Efficacy of combined transcranial direct current stimulation and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on cognition in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Applied neuropsychology. Adult. 2026.","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2026.2702490"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radanovic A, Jamison KW, Kang Y, Tozlu C, Shah SA, Kuceyeski A. Longitudinal multimodal neuroimaging after traumatic brain injury. Human Brain Mapping. 2026; 47: e70534.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70534"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/25\/8\/10.31083\/JIN52353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1788439916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JIN\/25\/8\/10.31083\/JIN52353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S0219-6352(26)01158-7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/jin52353","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-6352","1757-448X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-6352","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-448X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"52353"}}