{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:55:39Z","timestamp":1784908539740,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R56AI078871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AI078871"]}]},{"name":"Baylor-UT Houston Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30AI36211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI36211"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty Center Training grant","award":["D43TW006569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006569"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Mol. Clin. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replication, but some patients develop worsening of co-infections, termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a population of CD4+ T cells that modulate immune responses. We hypothesized that immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is associated with Tregs dysfunction. Methods: We prospectively enrolled antiretroviral naive HIV patients with co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB; N = 26) or controls with no prior opportunistic infection (N = 10). We prospectively measured HIV viral load, CD4+ T cell count, regulatory T cell (CD4high, CD127low-neg, Foxp3+) proportion, and Interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) response to MTB peptides before and after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Results: Eleven of the MTB patients developed IRIS; 15 did not. IRIS patients had a lower proportion of Tregs at baseline compared to no-IRIS patients (HIV\/no-OI and HIV\/MTB no-IRIS), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (IRIS: 9.6 [5.3\u201311.2]; no-IRIS: 13.9 [7.6\u201322.5] p = 0.066). After 2 weeks of cART the proportion of Tregs was significantly lower in HIV\/MTB IRIS patients (HIV\/MTB IRIS: 9.8 [6.6\u201313.6], HIV\/MTB no-IRIS: 15.8 [11.1\u201318.8]. The antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3 production was greater in the patients who developed IRIS compared with those who did not develop IRIS. Conclusion: IRIS patients had a lower proportion of Tregs and more marked IFN-\u03b3 production, suggesting that Tregs may be responsible for suppressing the antigen-specific inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/jmcm25012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T21:32:22Z","timestamp":1741296742000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulatory T Cells Kinetics in Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8531-3537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar A.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9668-4632","authenticated-orcid":true,"suffix":"Jr","given":"A. Clinton","family":"White.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Graviss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Seas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gotuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 15102 Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Tan HY, Yong YK, Velu V, Larsson M, et al. 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Current HIV\/AIDS Reports. 2012; 9: 238\u2013250.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-012-0129-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JMCM\/8\/1\/10.31083\/JMCM25012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:34:03Z","timestamp":1767872043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/JMCM\/8\/1\/10.31083\/JMCM25012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S2616-3632(24)00075-1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/jmcm25012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2616-3632","2617-5282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2616-3632","type":"print"},{"value":"2617-5282","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"article-number":"25012"}}