{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:09:31Z","timestamp":1785413371887,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Project in Henan Province","award":["232102311152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232102311152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmazie"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective:This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms through which ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may protect against Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD).Methods:Candidate ginkgolide constituents and their putative targets were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and SwissTargetPrediction. AD-associated genes were retrieved from OMIM and GeneCards. Overlapping targets were used to construct component\u2013target\u2013disease and protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) networks for hub target screening. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using DAVID. AutoDock Vina was used for molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate ligand\u2013target stability. The predicted mechanisms were further examined in APP\/PS1 mice and A\u03b21-42-treated HT22 cells.Results:A total of 27 active ginkgolide-related constituents and 336 intersecting targets were identified. Ginkgolides B and M were identified as the major active compounds, whereas MAPK3, HIF-1\u03b1, and AKT1 emerged as important targets. Enrichment analysis indicated a close association with the PI3K\u2013Akt pathway. Docking analysis showed that ginkgolides B and M bound strongly to MAPK3 and HIF-1\u03b1 with binding energies ranging from \u20139.34 to \u20138.41 kcal\/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations supported the stable formation of these complexes. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that ginkgolides B and M alleviated synaptic protein damage, decreased HIF-1\u03b1 expression, and improved cognitive deficits.Conclusions:Ginkgolides B and M may contribute to anti-AD effects in experimental models, partly through modulation of HIF-1\u03b1-related stress responses and PI3K\u2013Akt-associated survival pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/pharmazie51748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:42:49Z","timestamp":1785411769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Therapeutic Mechanism of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Integrated Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Yipei","family":"LI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"GONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"YANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"JIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruirui","family":"PENG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"WANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Henan Medical College, 451191 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"WANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Science and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, 450061 Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M, Holstege H, Ch\u00e9telat G, Teunissen CE, et al. 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