{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1790704781852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nishimura International Scholarship Foundation"},{"name":"MHLW chemical risk research project","award":["24KD1005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KD1005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmazie"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter (OTC) medication widely used as an antipyretic and analgesic. However, frequent use without medical supervision can lead to improper use and unintended side effects. Nonetheless, obtaining advice from medical professionals regarding OTC drugs can be difficult for ordinary users. Hence, this study aimed to develop a user-friendly visualization-based web application for ibuprofen and to verify the feasibility of enabling general users to simulate and visualize blood drug concentrations and predict drug efficacy, thereby informing proper usage. Methods: Previously reported population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) models were reconstructed using Phoenix\u00ae NLME, and the estimates were validated via visual predictive check against reported population observations and values derived from physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) analysis. Additionally, to facilitate visualization of the effects of ibuprofen on the body, a web application for PK\/PD simulation was developed based on the reconstructed model and implemented in Python using the Runge\u2013Kutta method. Results: The developed web application (VisiblePharm\u2122) visualized the relationship between the administered dose and ibuprofen concentration in plasma over time and simultaneously assess its efficacy. However, individual differences are limited to variations resulting from differences in physique. The simulation results also showed good agreement with estimates derived from PBPK analysis. Conclusion: VisiblePharm demonstrated that, despite the use of a limited set of covariates within the reconstruction model, it is possible to readily estimate the pharmacokinetics and antipyretic effects of ibuprofen following administration. We believe that with further clinical validation, this application will contribute to society as a health planning support tool, facilitating successful self-medication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/pharmazie55064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1790701553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of a Web-Based Visualization Tool for Estimating Ibuprofen Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles to Support Self-Medication"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-8042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sekar Ayu","family":"Pawestri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center of Excellent Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanoko","family":"Okuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8299-4464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenji","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Osaka, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lockwood GF, Albert KS, Gillespie WR, Bole GG, Harkcom TM, Szpunar GJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in man. I. Free and total area\/dose relationships. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983; 34: 97\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.136"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore N. Ibuprofen: a journey from prescription to over-the-counter use. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2007; 100: 2\u20136.","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680710004801s01"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bjarnason I. Gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs and over-the-counter analgesics. International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement. 2013; 37\u201342.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12048"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore N, Carleton B, Blin P, Bosco-Levy P, Droz C. Does Ibuprofen Worsen COVID-19? Drug Safety. 2020; 43: 611\u2013614.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00953-0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du Y, Guo Z, Xu B, Yang Y, Hu M, Hu Y, et al. A real-world disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system events for ibuprofen. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2025; 24: 201\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2348556"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lodise M, De-Giorgio F, Rossi R, d'Aloja E, Fucci N. Acute Ibuprofen intoxication: report on a case and review of the literature. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 2012; 33: 242\u2013246.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318253d6ff"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holubek W, Stolbach A, Nurok S, Lopez O, Wetter A, Nelson L. A report of two deaths from massive ibuprofen ingestion. Journal of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2007; 3: 52\u201355.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160908"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Pergolizzi JV, Dowling P, Paladini A. Ibuprofen Safety at the Golden Anniversary: Are all NSAIDs the Same? A Narrative Review. Advances in Therapy. 2020; 37: 61\u201382.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01144-9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Troc\u00f3niz IF, Armenteros S, Planelles MV, Ben\u00edtez J, Calvo R, Dom\u00ednguez R. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modelling of the antipyretic effect of two oral formulations of ibuprofen. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2000; 38: 505\u2013518.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200038060-00004"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morse JD, Stanescu I, Atkinson HC, Anderson BJ. Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen: the Influence of Body Composition, Formulation and Feeding in Healthy Adult Volunteers. 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Open Access Emergency Medicine: OAEM. 2011; 3: 39\u201348.","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S22795"}],"container-title":["Pharmazie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/Pharmazie\/81\/9\/10.31083\/Pharmazie55064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:05:54Z","timestamp":1790701554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/Pharmazie\/81\/9\/10.31083\/Pharmazie55064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S3053-691X(26)04726-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/pharmazie55064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-7144","3053-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-7144","type":"print"},{"value":"3053-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"article-number":"55064"}}