{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:39:09Z","timestamp":1753889949658,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFP-2022-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP-2022-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) represents an important health issue characterised by considerable morbidity and mortality. This study sought to identify risk factors for CHF and to evaluate clinical outcomes between CHF patients and control subjects. Methods: Data were obtained through interviews, physical examinations, and medical records. Risk variables encompassed hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, dietary practices, age, gender, and familial history of cardiovascular disease. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, hospitalisation, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), quality of life as measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), and functional level according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Statistical analyses including t-tests, Chi-square tests, logistic regression and Cox regression. Results: The findings indicated that hypertension (71.8% vs. 38.5%, p &lt; 0.001), diabetes (47.9% vs. 28.2%, p = 0.002), dyslipidaemia (54.7% vs. 41.0%, p = 0.04), smoking (42.7% vs. 29.1%, p = 0.03), and physical inactivity (65.8% vs. 41.9%, p &lt; 0.001) were more prevalent in cases. Cases exhibited increased hospitalisations (1.8 \u00b1 1.2 vs. 0.7 \u00b1 0.9, p &lt; 0.001), prolonged stays (10.5 \u00b1 5.4 vs. 6.2 \u00b1 3.8 days, p &lt; 0.001), elevated 30-day rehospitalisation rates (21.4% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.007), and a greater incidence of intensive care units (ICU) admissions (17.1% vs. 6.0%, p = 0.01). All-cause mortality (35.9% vs. 17.1%, p = 0.001), cardiovascular mortality (25.6% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.003), and MACE (51.3% vs. 25.6%, p &lt; 0.001) were greater in cases. Quality of life (45.8 \u00b1 12.4 vs. 25.6 \u00b1 10.3, p &lt; 0.001) and functional status (55.6% vs. 23.9%, p &lt; 0.001) were inferior in cases. Conclusion: CHF patients had greater rates of modifiable risk variables and worse clinical outcomes than controls, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive risk management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/rcm26601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T11:33:30Z","timestamp":1743161610000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors and Outcomes in Congestive Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-7121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Shakil","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-6947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdulrahman Obaid Matar","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4333-2411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Tawakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department at Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-9670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdulrahman Mohammed","family":"Alturiqy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2012-1718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mansour","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1322-9210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riyaz Ahamed","family":"Shaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences, 583231 Koppal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arrigo M, Jessup M, Mullens W, Reza N, Shah AM, Sliwa K, et al. 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