{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:17:15Z","timestamp":1767881835837,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening cardiac infection. The incidence of IE is increasing due to complex sociodemographic shifts, including increases in intravenous drug use (IVDU) attributed to opioid epidemics. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive form of secondary prevention for heart disease. Current guidelines suggest that CR may be beneficial in the recovery from IE, but supporting evidence is limited. Given the utility of CR in the recovery from other cardiac conditions and the unique characteristics of patients with IE, this narrative review summarizes the existing data on the use of CR following surgical treatment of IE. The existing literature is limited to the CopenHeartIE randomized clinical trial (RCT) and four case reports. Thus, to our knowledge, this represents the first review to focus specifically on CR in the context of IE. The CopenHeartIE RCT found that patients receiving CR showed greater improvements in levels of physical fatigue, general fatigue, maximal power, systolic blood pressure, and some questionnaire scores than the control group. The results of multiple case reports represent unique and extreme cases of IE from which support for the use of CR following IE can be drawn from the relative successes of each patient. Moreover, it is important to consider that the complex social needs of the IE population may require additional psychosocial support, which can be achieved by integrating social workers into the multidisciplinary CR team. While further research is warranted, the existing evidence supports the use of CR as part of the comprehensive recovery from IE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/rcm45789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:47:11Z","timestamp":1767181631000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utility of Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Surgical Treatment of Infective Endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6392-7935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"M. Telles-Langdon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-0260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Fatehi Hassanabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2023; 44: 3948\u20134042.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhan Y, Zhang K, Gao Y, Chen L, Zhan J, et al. The Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Infective Endocarditis From 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Frontiers in Medicine. 2022; 9: 774224.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.774224"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AATS Surgical Treatment of Infective Endocarditis Consensus Guidelines Writing Committee Chairs, Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, Writing Committee, Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, et al. 2016 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017; 153: 1241\u20131258.e29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.09.093"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miao H, Zhou Z, Yin Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990-2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2025; 15: 69.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00413-x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agha A, Nazir S, Minhas AMK, Kayani W, Issa R, Moukarbel GV, et al. Demographic and Regional Trends of Infective Endocarditis-Related Mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2019. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2023; 48: 101397.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101397"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roberts K, Smith E, Sousa C, Young JE, Corley AG, Szczotka D, et al. Centering persons who use drugs: addressing social determinants of health among patients hospitalized with substance use disorders. Social Work in Health Care. 2024; 63: 19\u201334.","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2023.2278777"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021; 143: e72\u2013e227.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000923"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasmussen TB, Zwisler AD, Risom SS, Sibilitz KL, Christensen J, Bundgaard H, et al. Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation for patients following infective endocarditis: results of the randomized CopenHeartIE trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2022; 21: 261\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvab047"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehra VM, Gaalema DE, Pakosh M, Grace SL. Systematic review of cardiac rehabilitation guidelines: Quality and scope. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2020; 27: 912\u2013928.","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878958"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grace SL, Bennett S, Ardern CI, Clark AM. Cardiac rehabilitation series: Canada. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014; 56: 530\u2013535.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.010"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasmussen TB, Zwisler AD, Sibilitz KL, Risom SS, Bundgaard H, Gluud C, et al. A randomised clinical trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care for patients treated for infective endocarditis\u2013the CopenHeartIE trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2012; 2: e001929.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001929"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasmussen TB, Zwisler AD, Thygesen LC, Bundgaard H, Moons P, Berg SK. High readmission rates and mental distress after infective endocarditis - Results from the national population-based CopenHeart IE survey. International Journal of Cardiology. 2017; 235: 133\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.077"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang LH, Zwisler AD, Doherty P, Oldridge N, Berg SK, Christensen J. Changes in Physical Performance and Their Association With Health-Related Quality of Life in a Mixed Nonischemic Cardiac Population That Participates in Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2020; 40: 102\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000416"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Solomon TR, DeJong S, Bilbrey T, Carbone P, Campbell M, Parker RD, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation for a skydiver after aortic valve replacement for pure aortic regurgitation and resection of the ascending aorta complicated by active infective endocarditis and heart block requiring a pacemaker. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2017; 30: 234\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2017.11929601"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furukawa H, Honda T, Yamasawa T, Kanaoka Y, Tanemoto K. A surgical case of triple valve replacement for triple valve endocarditis with multiple vegetations. General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2020; 68: 1333\u20131336.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-019-01269-2"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cannata L, Zocco Ramazzo C. Echocardiographic evaluation of paravalvular aortic regurgitation of a patient with recurrent aortic valve replacements. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. 2021; 91:  https:\/\/doi.org\/","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2021.1765"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alfieri M, Ianni U, Molisana M, Parato VM. There is Nothing More Invisible than the Obvious: A Case Summary and Literature Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Echography. 2024; 33: 195\u2013198.","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_50_23"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Butchart EG, Gohlke-B\u00e4rwolf C, Antunes MJ, Tornos P, De Caterina R, Cormier B, et al. Recommendations for the management of patients after heart valve surgery. European Heart Journal. 2005; 26: 2463\u20132471.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi426"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pollmann AGE, Frederiksen M, Prescott E. Cardiac Rehabilitation After Heart Valve Surgery: IMPROVEMENT IN EXERCISE CAPACITY AND MORBIDITY. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2017; 37: 191\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000208"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abraham LN, Sibilitz KL, Berg SK, Tang LH, Risom SS, Lindschou J, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults after heart valve surgery. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; 5: CD010876.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010876.pub3"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas RJ, Beatty AL, Beckie TM, Brewer LC, Brown TM, Forman DE, et al. Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Scientific Statement From the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2019; 140: e69\u2013e89.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000663"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/26\/12\/10.31083\/RCM45789","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1767871426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/26\/12\/10.31083\/RCM45789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530-6550(25)01511-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/rcm45789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6550","2153-8174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6550","type":"print"},{"value":"2153-8174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"article-number":"45789"}}