{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:29:59Z","timestamp":1792092599618,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018576","name":"Ten Thousand Talent Plans for Young Top-notch Talents of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YNWR-QNBJ-2020-238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-QNBJ-2020-238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and atherosclerosis (AS) is a major underlying pathology. This review systematically examines the interplay between inflammation and immunity in AS. Disease initiation involves endothelial injury, formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and innate immune responses, including monocyte and macrophage infiltration and dendritic cell (DC) activation. Macrophages polarize to a proinflammatory M1 phenotype, phagocytose lipids to form foam cells, and release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), thereby exacerbating plaque inflammation. DCs serve as a crucial link between innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to CD4+ T cells. T helper 1 (Th1) cells facilitate inflammation through interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert protective, anti-inflammatory effects. B cells have dual functions: B1 cells secrete immunoglobulin M (IgM) and provide protection, while B2 cells typically contribute to disease progression. In advanced lesions, immune cells cluster within the arterial wall to form arterial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs), and the identification of neuro\u2013immune\u2013cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs) underscores the involvement of the nervous system. Chronic inflammation results in the thinning of the fibrous cap, thereby heightening the risk of plaque rupture and acute clinical events. Current therapies primarily target inflammatory pathways, including statins, colchicine, and proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), whereas future strategies may focus on directly targeting immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/rcm49118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:17:46Z","timestamp":1788437866000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammation and Immune Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4890-6033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zihao","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650101 Kunming, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1492-4364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Department, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650000 Kunming, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2823-0046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guofu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650101 Kunming, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Cao GY, Jing WZ, Liu J, Liu M. Global trends and regional differences in incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease, 1990-2019: findings from 2019 global burden of disease study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2023; 30: 276\u2013286.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac285"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim MS, Kang SJ, Lee CW, Han S, Park DW, Lee SW, et al. Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic healthy subjects: an intravascular ultrasound study of donor hearts. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 2013; 20: 465\u2013471.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.15545"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002; 420: 868\u2013874.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01323"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From Epidemiology, Genetics, and Biology. Circulation Research. 2016; 118: 547\u2013563.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306249"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen H, Wu B, Guan K, Chen L, Chai K, Ying M, et al. Identification of lipid metabolism related immune markers in atherosclerosis through machine learning and experimental analysis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025; 16: 1549150.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549150"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bor\u00e9n J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2020; 41: 2313\u20132330.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salisbury D, Bronas U. Inflammation and immune system contribution to the etiology of atherosclerosis: mechanisms and methods of assessment. Nursing Research. 2014; 63: 375\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000053"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winkels H, Ehinger E, Vassallo M, Buscher K, Dinh HQ, Kobiyama K, et al. Atlas of the Immune Cell Repertoire in Mouse Atherosclerosis Defined by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Mass Cytometry. Circulation Research. 2018; 122: 1675\u20131688.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312513"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tacke F, Alvarez D, Kaplan TJ, Jakubzick C, Spanbroek R, Llodra J, et al. Monocyte subsets differentially employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2007; 117: 185\u2013194.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28549"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2012; 122: 787\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fani L, van der Willik KD, Bos D, Leening MJG, Koudstaal PJ, Rizopoulos D, et al. The association of innate and adaptive immunity, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease in the Rotterdam Study: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Medicine. 2020; 17: e1003115.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003115"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tedgui A, Owens AP 3rd, Mackman N. 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Toll-like receptors, dendritic cells, and their roles in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2011; 31: 2767\u20132768.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.240432"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Li J, Kou Y, Shen L, Wang H, Wang Y, et al. Mechanisms and treatment of atherosclerosis: focus on macrophages. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024; 15: 1490387.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1490387"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohanta SK, Sun T, Lu S, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yin C, et al. The Impact of the Nervous System on Arteries and the Heart: The Neuroimmune Cardiovascular Circuit Hypothesis. Cells. 2023; 12: 2485.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202485"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohanta SK, Peng L, Li Y, Lu S, Sun T, Carnevale L, et al. Neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces control atherosclerosis. Nature. 2022; 605: 152\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04673-6"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4bner R, L\u00f6tzer K, D\u00f6pping S, Hildner M, Radke D, Beer M, et al. Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling promotes tertiary lymphoid organogenesis in the aorta adventitia of aged ApoE-\/- mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2009; 206: 233\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080752"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Shi G, Liang W, Shang H, Li H, Han Y, et al. Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Alleviates Atherosclerotic Plaque by Inhibiting Ox-LDL Uptake, Inflammatory Reaction and Endothelial Damage in Rabbits. Cells. 2023; 12: 1936.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151936"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karhunen PJ, Pessi T, H\u00f6rkk\u00f6 S, Karhunen V, Goebeler S, Louhelainen AM, et al. Viridans Streptococcal Biofilm Evades Immune Detection and Contributes to Inflammation and Rupture of Atherosclerotic Plaques. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2025; 14: e041521.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.125.041521"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veillard NR, Steffens S, Pelli G, Lu B, Kwak BR, Gerard C, et al. Differential influence of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CXCR3 in development of atherosclerosis in vivo. Circulation. 2005; 112: 870\u2013878.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520718"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Medina-Leyte DJ, Zepeda-Garc\u00eda O, Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garrido A, Villarreal-Molina T, Jacobo-Albavera L. Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease: Potential Biomarkers and Promising Therapeutical Approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22: 3850.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083850"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bor\u00e9n J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2016; 27: 473\u2013483.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000330"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lao KH, Zeng L, Xu Q. Endothelial and smooth muscle cell transformation in atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2015; 26: 449\u2013456.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000219"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Asonye E, Sahin B, Jaw JE, et al. Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2019; 39: 876\u2013887.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312434"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robichaud S, Rasheed A, Pietrangelo A, Doyoung Kim A, Boucher DM, Emerton C, et al. Autophagy Is Differentially Regulated in Leukocyte and Nonleukocyte Foam Cells During Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research. 2022; 130: 831\u2013847.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.320047"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman K, Fisher EA. Insights From Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies on the Role of Innate Inflammation in Atherosclerosis Regression. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2018; 5: 32.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou X, Hansson GK. Detection of B cells and proinflammatory cytokines in atherosclerotic plaques of hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1999; 50: 25\u201330.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00559.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boring L, Gosling J, Cleary M, Charo IF. Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-\/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature. 1998; 394: 894\u2013897.","DOI":"10.1038\/29788"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyaw T, Tay C, Krishnamurthi S, Kanellakis P, Agrotis A, Tipping P, et al. B1a B lymphocytes are atheroprotective by secreting natural IgM that increases IgM deposits and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation Research. 2011; 109: 830\u2013840.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.248542"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murshid A, Borges TJ, Lang BJ, Calderwood SK. The Scavenger Receptor SREC-I Cooperates with Toll-Like Receptors to Trigger Inflammatory Innate Immune Responses. Frontiers in Immunology. 2016; 7: 226.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00226"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daoud AS, Fritz KE, Jarmolych J, Frank AS. Role of macrophages in regression of atherosclerosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985; 454: 101\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11848.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bea F, Blessing E, Bennett B, Levitz M, Wallace EP, Rosenfeld ME. Simvastatin promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability in apoE-deficient mice independently of lipid lowering. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002; 22: 1832\u20131837.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.0000036081.01231.16"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Devalaraja M, Baeres FMM, Engelmann MDM, Hovingh GK, Ivkovic M, et al. IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet (London, England). 2021; 397: 2060\u20132069.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu J, He S, Song Z, Chen S, Lin X, Sun H, et al. Macrophage polarization states in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023; 14: 1185587.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185587"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Somovilla-Crespo B, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20: 5293.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215293"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zernecke A. Dendritic cells in atherosclerosis: evidence in mice and humans. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2015; 35: 763\u2013770.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303566"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, Davoust J, Lebecque S, Liu YJ, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annual Review of Immunology. 2000; 18: 767\u2013811.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.767"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nossal GJ, Abbot A, Mitchell J, Lummus Z. Antigens in immunity. XV. Ultrastructural features of antigen capture in primary and secondary lymphoid follicles. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1968; 127: 277\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.127.2.277"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gil-Pulido J, Zernecke A. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 816: 25\u201331.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.08.016"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n M, Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez L, N\u00fa\u00f1ez V, Femen\u00eda-Mui\u00f1a M, Figuera-Belmonte P, Moya-Ruiz E, et al. cDC1s Promote Atherosclerosis via Local Immunity and Are Targetable for Therapy. Circulation Research. 2025; 137: 400\u2013416.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.325792"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barrett TJ. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis Regression. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2020; 40: 20\u201333.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312802"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jongstra-Bilen J, Haidari M, Zhu SN, Chen M, Guha D, Cybulsky MI. Low-grade chronic inflammation in regions of the normal mouse arterial intima predisposed to atherosclerosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2006; 203: 2073\u20132083.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060245"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang W, Cai Z, Ma D, Liu M, Wang J, Sun L, et al. Local adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis with T cell activation by aortic dendritic cells accelerates pathogenesis. iscience. 2024; 27: 111144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111144"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sage AP, Murphy D, Maffia P, Masters LM, Sabir SR, Baker LL, et al. MHC Class II-restricted antigen presentation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells drives proatherogenic T cell immunity. Circulation. 2014; 130: 1363\u20131373.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011090"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu X, Ivashkiv LB. Cross-regulation of signaling pathways by interferon-gamma: implications for immune responses and autoimmune diseases. Immunity. 2009; 31: 539\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.09.002"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo J, Thomassen JQ, Nordestgaard BG, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A, Frikke-Schmidt R. Neutrophil counts and cardiovascular disease. European Heart Journal. 2023; 44: 4953\u20134964.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad649"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update. Journal of Lipid Research. 2009; 50: S376\u2013S381.","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800087-JLR200"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Luis MJ, Armas-Gonz\u00e1lez E, Herrera-Garc\u00eda A, Arce-Franco M, Feria M, Vicente-Manzanares M, et al. L-selectin expression is regulated by CXCL8-induced reactive oxygen species produced during human neutrophil rolling. European Journal of Immunology. 2019; 49: 386\u2013397.","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847710"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh P, Kumar N, Singh M, Kaur M, Singh G, Narang A, et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Disturbing Duo in Atherosclerosis, Inflammation and Atherothrombosis. Vaccines. 2023; 11: 261.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020261"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Vega D, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez D, Rodr\u00edguez-Carnero G, Villar-Taibo R, Vi\u00f1uela JE, Lesteg\u00e1s-Soto A, et al. Semaglutide modulates prothrombotic and atherosclerotic mechanisms, associated with epicardial fat, neutrophils and endothelial cells network. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2024; 23: 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02096-9"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fan B, Hong J, Wu Q, Shen W, Hu N, Xing Y, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-responsive melanin nanoparticles utilize live neutrophils for targeted high-risk plaque detection and atherosclerosis regression. Acta Biomaterialia. 2025; 195: 496\u2013508.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.033"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karasawa T, Takahashi M. Inflammasome Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Atherosclerosis. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 2025; 32: 535\u2013549.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV22033"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blagov AV, Churov AV, Starodubtseva IA, Beloyartsev DF, Kovyanova TI, Pecherina T, et al. The role of NETosis in enhancing of atherosclerosis. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 2024; 70: 181\u2013188.","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2024.70.9.25"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhawan UK, Vartak T, Englert H, Russo S, Vasconcellos LRC, Singhal A, et al. Macrophage DNases Limit Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Mediated Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research. 2025; 137: 1255\u20131275.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.326353"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keeter WC, Moriarty AK, Akers R, Ma S, Mussbacher M, Nadler JL, et al. Neutrophil-specific STAT4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic burden and improves plaque stability via reduction in neutrophil activation and recruitment into aortas of Ldlr-\/- mice. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2023; 10: 1175673.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1175673"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ketelhuth DFJ, Hansson GK. Adaptive Response of T and B Cells in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research. 2016; 118: 668\u2013678.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306427"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daissormont ITMN, Christ A, Temmerman L, Sampedro Millares S, Seijkens T, Manca M, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells protect against atherosclerosis by tuning T-cell proliferation and activity. Circulation Research. 2011; 109: 1387\u20131395.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256529"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacRitchie N, Grassia G, Noonan J, Cole JE, Hughes CE, Schroeder J, et al. The aorta can act as a site of na\u00efve CD4+ T-cell priming. Cardiovascular Research. 2020; 116: 306\u2013316.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz102"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Senders ML, Que X, Cho YS, Yeang C, Groenen H, Fay F, et al. PET\/MR Imaging of Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde Epitopes With a Human Antibody Detects Clinically Relevant Atherothrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71: 321\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.036"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu X, Duan W, Tian H, Zhu G, He H, et al. Batf3-dependent CD8\u03b1+ Dendritic Cells Aggravates Atherosclerosis via Th1 Cell Induction and Enhanced CCL5 Expression in Plaque Macrophages. EBioMedicine. 2017; 18: 188\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.04.008"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shao Y, Saaoud F, Cornwell W, Xu K, Kirchhoff A, Lu Y, et al. Cigarette Smoke and Morphine Promote Treg Plasticity to Th17 via Enhancing Trained Immunity. Cells. 2022; 11: 2810.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182810"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh A, Kraaijeveld AO, Curaj A, Wichapong K, Hammerich L, de Jager SCA, et al. CCL18 aggravates atherosclerosis by inducing CCR6-dependent T-cell influx and polarization. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024; 15: 1327051.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1327051"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suur BE, Karadimou G, Willems CJJM, Bergman O, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, et al. PCSK6 ablation in blood circulating cells increases atherosclerotic burden, but improves plaque stability by activating Th17-smooth muscle cell modulatory axis. Vascular Pharmacology. 2025; 159: 107490.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2025.107490"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klingenberg R, Brokopp CE, Griv\u00e8s A, Courtier A, Jaguszewski M, Pasqual N, et al. Clonal restriction and predominance of regulatory T cells in coronary thrombi of patients with acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2015; 36: 1041\u20131048.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht543"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma M, Schlegel MP, Afonso MS, Brown EJ, Rahman K, Weinstock A, et al. Regulatory T Cells License Macrophage Pro-Resolving Functions During Atherosclerosis Regression. Circulation Research. 2020; 127: 335\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316461"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deknuydt F, Bioley G, Valmori D, Ayyoub M. IL-1beta and IL-2 convert human Treg into T(H)17 cells. Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2009; 131: 298\u2013307.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.12.008"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf D, Ley K. Immunity and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research. 2019; 124: 315\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng F, Twardowski L, Reifenberg K, Winter K, Canisius A, Pross E, et al. Combined B, T and NK Cell Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in BALB\/c Mice. PloS One. 2016; 11: e0157311.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157311"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binder CJ, Hartvigsen K, Chang MK, Miller M, Broide D, Palinski W, et al. IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2004; 114: 427\u2013437.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20479"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyaw T, Tay C, Hosseini H, Kanellakis P, Gadowski T, MacKay F, et al. Depletion of B2 but not B1a B cells in BAFF receptor-deficient ApoE mice attenuates atherosclerosis by potently ameliorating arterial inflammation. PloS One. 2012; 7: e29371.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029371"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsiantoulas D, Sage AP, G\u00f6derle L, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Murphy D, Porsch F, et al. B Cell-Activating Factor Neutralization Aggravates Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2018; 138: 2263\u20132273.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032790"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Upadhye A, Sturek JM, McNamara CA. 2019 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: B Lymphocyte-Mediated Protective Immunity in Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2020; 40: 309\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313064"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sage AP, Nus M, Baker LL, Finigan AJ, Masters LM, Mallat Z. Regulatory B cell-specific interleukin-10 is dispensable for atherosclerosis development in mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2015; 35: 1770\u20131773.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305568"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zierden M, Berghausen EM, Gnatzy-Feik L, Millarg C, Picard FSR, Kiljan M, et al. Hematopoietic PI3K\u03b4 deficiency aggravates murine atherosclerosis through impairment of Tregs. JCI Insight. 2024; 9: e155626.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.155626"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Legein B, Temmerman L, Biessen EAL, Lutgens E. Inflammation and immune system interactions in atherosclerosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS. 2013; 70: 3847\u20133869.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1289-1"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kranich J, Krautler NJ. How Follicular Dendritic Cells Shape the B-Cell Antigenome. Frontiers in Immunology. 2016; 7: 225.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00225"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antonioli L, Fornai M, Pellegrini C, Masi S, Puxeddu I, Blandizzi C. Ectopic Lymphoid Organs and Immune-Mediated Diseases: Molecular Basis for Pharmacological Approaches. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2020; 26: 1021\u20131033.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.06.004"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weih F, Gr\u00e4bner R, Hu D, Beer M, Habenicht AJR. Control of dichotomic innate and adaptive immune responses by artery tertiary lymphoid organs in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2012; 3: 226.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00226"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo S, Zhu R, Yu T, Fan H, Hu Y, Mohanta SK, et al. Chronic Inflammation: A Common Promoter in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Neogenesis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 10: 2938.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02938"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Wang L, Fang P, Sun Y, Jiang X, Wang H, et al. Lysophospholipids induce innate immune transdifferentiation of endothelial cells, resulting in prolonged endothelial activation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2018; 293: 11033\u201311045.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002752"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhang X, Lu S, Zhang C, Ma Z, Su R, et al. Pairing of single-cell RNA analysis and T cell antigen receptor profiling indicates breakdown of T cell tolerance checkpoints in atherosclerosis. Nature Cardiovascular Research. 2023; 2: 290\u2013306.","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00218-w"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun X, Lu Y, Wu J, Wen Q, Li Z, Tang Y, et al. Meta-Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Reveals the Mechanism of Formation and Heterogeneity of Tertiary Lymphoid Organ in Vascular Disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2023; 43: 1867\u20131886.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.318762"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Srikakulapu P, Hu D, Yin C, Mohanta SK, Bontha SV, Peng L, et al. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Control Multilayered Territorialized Atherosclerosis B-Cell Responses in Aged ApoE-\/- Mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2016; 36: 1174\u20131185.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306983"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bongo JB, Peng DQ. The neuroimmune guidance cue netrin-1: a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 63: 95\u201398.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.10.006"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rafiei A, Ahmadi R, Kazemian S, Rahimzadeh-Fallah T, Mohammad-Rezaei M, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, et al. Serum levels of IL-37 and correlation with inflammatory cytokines and clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Investigative Medicine: the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2022; 70: 1720\u20131727.","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002134"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohanta SK, Weber C, Yin C, Habenicht AJR. The dawn has come for new therapeutics to treat atherosclerosis: Targeting neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces in artery brain circuits. Clinical and Translational Medicine. 2022; 12: e1040.","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1040"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vergallo R, Liuzzo G. The role of the neuroimmune axis as a new frontier in atherosclerosis. European Heart Journal. 2022; 43: 2829\u20132830.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac315"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McAlpine CS, Kiss MG, Rattik S, He S, Vassalli A, Valet C, et al. Sleep modulates haematopoiesis and protects against atherosclerosis. Nature. 2019; 566: 383\u2013387.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0948-2"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gharios C, van Leent MMT, Chang HL, Abohashem S, O'Connor D, Osborne MT, et al. Cortico-limbic interactions and carotid atherosclerotic burden during chronic stress exposure. European heart journal. 2024; 45: 1753\u20131764.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae149"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goligorsky MS. Vascular endothelium in diabetes. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2017; 312: F266\u2013F275.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00473.2016"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiu JJ, Lee PL, Chen CN, Lee CI, Chang SF, Chen LJ, et al. Shear stress increases ICAM-1 and decreases VCAM-1 and E-selectin expressions induced by tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] in endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2004; 24: 73\u201379.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.Atv.0000106321.63667.24"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ho MH, Guo ZM, Chunga J, Goodwin JS, Xie H. Characterization of Innate Immune Responses of Human Endothelial Cells Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Their Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2016; 6: 139.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00139"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noonan J, Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Garside P, Guzik TJ, Bradshaw AC, et al. A Novel Triple-Cell Two-Dimensional Model to Study Immune-Vascular Interplay in Atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 10: 849.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00849"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiejak J, Murphy FA, Maffia P, Yarwood SJ. Vascular smooth muscle cells enhance immune\/vascular interplay in a 3-cell model of vascular inflammation. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13: 15889.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43221-8"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu S, Lu F, Gao J, Yuan Y. Inflammation-mediated metabolic regulation in adipose tissue. Obesity Reviews: an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2024; 25: e13724.","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13724"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghesmati Z, Rashid M, Fayezi S, Gieseler F, Alizadeh E, Darabi M. An update on the secretory functions of brown, white, and beige adipose tissue: Towards therapeutic applications. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2024; 25: 279\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09850-0"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang P, Zeng G, Yan Y, Zhang SY, Dong Y, Zhang Y, et al. Disruption of adipocyte HIF-1\u03b1 improves atherosclerosis through the inhibition of ceramide generation. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. 2022; 12: 1899\u20131912.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.10.001"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adachi Y, Ueda K, Nomura S, Ito K, Katoh M, Katagiri M, et al. Beiging of perivascular adipose tissue regulates its inflammation and vascular remodeling. Nature Communications. 2022; 13: 5117.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32658-6"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Frank JS, Demer LL, Edwards PA, et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation. 1995; 91: 2488\u20132496.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.91.9.2488"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geovanini GR, Libby P. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: overview and updates. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979). 2018; 132: 1243\u20131252.","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180306"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruparelia N, Choudhury R. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: what is on the horizon? Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2020; 106: 80\u201385.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314230"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazemian S, Ahmadi R, Rafiei A, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Khaledifar A, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, et al. The Serum Levels of IL-36 in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Their Correlation with the Serum Levels of IL-32, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and Oxidative Stress. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2022; 183: 1137\u20131145.","DOI":"10.1159\/000525845"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammad-Rezaei M, Ahmadi R, Rafiei A, Khaledifar A, Fattahi S, Samiei-Sefat A, et al. Serum levels of IL-32 in patients with coronary artery disease and its relationship with the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021; 48: 4263\u20134271.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06441-7"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Attiq A, Afzal S, Ahmad W, Kandeel M. Hegemony of inflammation in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2024; 966: 176338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176338"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gusev EY, Zotova NV. Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2019; 25: 251\u2013297.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190319114641"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gusev E, Solomatina L, Zhuravleva Y, Sarapultsev A. The Pathogenesis of End-Stage Renal Disease from the Standpoint of the Theory of General Pathological Processes of Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22: 11453.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111453"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stehouwer CDA, Gall MA, Twisk JWR, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH. Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes. 2002; 51: 1157\u20131165.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1157"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazhar F, Faucon AL, Fu EL, Szummer KE, Mathisen J, Gerward S, et al. Systemic inflammation and health outcomes in patients receiving treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. European Heart Journal. 2024; 45: 4719\u20134730.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae557"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naderian R, Mehrabipari S, Hemmati MA, Eslami M. Exploring the pathophysiological links between obesity, diabetes, and myocardial dysfunction: an in-depth narrative review. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2025; 24: 287.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01802-6"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heilmeier U, Feldmann D, Leynes A, Seng M, Jandova I, Keute M, et al. Chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with systemic sclerosis is associated with increased risk for arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in Medicine. 2024; 11: 1446268.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1446268"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evensen LH, Folsom AR, Pankow JS, Hansen JB, Allison MA, Cushman M, et al. Hemostatic factors, inflammatory markers, and risk of incident venous thromboembolism: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH. 2021; 19: 1718\u20131728.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15315"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agnello F, Capodanno D. Anti-inflammatory strategies for atherosclerotic artery disease. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2022; 21: 661\u2013672.","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2022.2036717"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boczar KE, Shin S, deKemp RA, Dowlatshahi D, Tavoosi A, Wiefels C, et al. The Canadian Study of Arterial Inflammation in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Vascular Events, Evaluation of Colchicine Effectiveness (CADENCE): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2023; 13: e074463.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074463"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diaz-Arocutipa C, Benites-Meza JK, Chambergo-Michilot D, Barboza JJ, Pasupuleti V, Bueno H, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Colchicine in Post-acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021; 8: 676771.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.676771"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiolet ATL, Lin A, Kwiecinski J, Tutein Nolthenius J, McElhinney P, Grodecki K, et al. Effect of low-dose colchicine on pericoronary inflammation and coronary plaque composition in chronic coronary disease: a subanalysis of the LoDoCo2 trial. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2025; 111: 1156\u20131163.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2024-325527"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaam M, Al-Naimi HN, Haddad MM, Abushanab D, Al-Badriyeh D. Comparative efficacy and safety among high-intensity statins. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research. 2023; 12: e220163.","DOI":"10.57264\/cer-2022-0163"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Rane M. Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research. 2021; 128: 1728\u20131746.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delfos L, Huis C, Imani N, Roeters van Lennep JE, Hooijmans CR, Bot I. Modulation of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18 cytokine signaling in animal models of atherosclerosis: a systematic review evaluating animal sex in preclinical research. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2025; 1008: 178336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178336"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ridker PM. From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection. Circulation Research. 2016; 118: 145\u2013156.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Everett BM, Libby P, Thuren T, Glynn RJ, et al. Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: a secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2018; 391: 319\u2013328.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32814-3"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pizzi C, Santarella L, Manfrini O, Chiavaroli M, Agushi E, Cordioli E, et al. Ischemic heart disease and depression: an underestimated clinical association. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia. 2013; 14: 526\u2013537.  (In Italian)","DOI":"10.1714\/1308.14461"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Li X, Li Y, Wu Z, Xu C, Chen Z, et al. Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. 2021; 11: 941\u2013960.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.018"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Rifai R, Duval V, Santos-Zas I, Guyon T, Chetrit L, Tanchot C, et al. Targeting CD8+ T cells in cardiovascular diseases: current options and therapeutic perspectives. Cardiovascular Research. 2025; 121: 1830\u20131842.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf098"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pi H, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhang M, He Q, Zheng X, et al. Immunological perspectives on atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024; 15: 1437821.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1437821"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bimal T, Ayyalu T, Safarova MS, Donahoe S, Davila C, Dayspring T, et al. Inadequate Response to PCSK9 Inhibitors. JACC. Case Reports. 2025; 30: 103696.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2025.103696"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scicali R, Di Pino A, Ferrara V, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on pulse wave velocity and monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio in familial hypercholesterolemia subjects: results from a single-lipid-unit real-life setting. Acta Diabetologica. 2021; 58: 949\u2013957.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01703-z"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/27\/8\/10.31083\/RCM49118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1788437932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/RCM\/27\/8\/10.31083\/RCM49118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530-6550(26)03493-0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/rcm49118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-6550","2153-8174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-6550","type":"print"},{"value":"2153-8174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"article-number":"49118"}}