{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T11:41:16Z","timestamp":1777722076574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and pericardial effusion remain frequent complications after cardiac surgery. Pericardial fluid is a localized inflammatory compartment in close contact with the myocardium and may provide information that complements systemic biomarkers. This narrative review summarizes inflammatory mediators identified in pericardial fluid after cardiac surgery and their associations with postoperative outcomes. We discuss potential mechanistic links between pericardial inflammation and pericardial fluid markers, as well as practical limitations related to sampling, timing, and standardization. Although pericardial fluid biomarkers may augment existing clinical risk models, prospective studies are needed to determine their incremental value and clarify their role in perioperative management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31083\/rcm49311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:31:56Z","timestamp":1777458716000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pericardial Inflammatory Mediators in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Towards a Biomarker-Informed Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8966-382X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Blackledge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-2321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamza Nasir","family":"Chatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1307-8221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angel Luis","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0728-9884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasir","family":"Abu-Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9966-0599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adham","family":"Elsherbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-8397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"El Diasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Michailova KN, Usunoff KG. 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