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A statistically significant increase was found in the mean venous reflux (P&lt;0 01), which was restored to initial values postpartum. Expelled calf volume remained stable throughout pregnancy but increased following delivery. Venous outflow from the legs was significantly reduced in the third trimester. Subjective symptoms of venous insufficiency increased trough pregnancy, but, these symptoms had virtually disappeared post partum, corresponding to the muscle pump normalization. No statistical correlation was found between venous muscle pump values and changes in hormone concentrations of estradiol, estriol and progesterone. It is suggested that venous insufficiency development in pregnancy is caused primarily by mechanical obstruction, or hormonal influence other than that of etradiol, estriol or progesterone.<\/jats:p><jats:p>17% (4.7\u201337%) of the women with a normal pregnancy developed a pathological venous muscle pump function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349009028682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T19:07:13Z","timestamp":1194980833000},"page":"209-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Venous Muscle Pump Function During Pregnancy: Assessment by Ambulatory Strain\u2010gauge Plethysmography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Jan 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