{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:42:00Z","timestamp":1777412520547,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]],"date-time":"1997-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":859852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a variant of recurrent depression in which episodes are linked to a particular season, typically winter. SAD is understood as the extreme end of a continuum of seasonality in the general population. Photoperiod (the timing and duration of daylight) has been assumed to be aetiologically critical. The present research used a survey design to investigate the assumed centrality of photoperiod for SAD\/seasonality in Australia. Two hypotheses were tested: that self-reported seasonality does not increase further from the equator and that seasonality does not stand alone from non-seasonal neurotic complaints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Method: The sampling frame used was adult females on the Australian Twin Registry roll. A sample of 526 women residing across the latitudes of Australia responded to a survey based around the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). The SPAQ asks respondents to retrospectively report on season-related changes in mood and behaviour. The survey also contained three questionnaire measures of neurotic symptoms of anxiety and depression: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Community Epidemiological Survey for Depression (CES-D) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory\u2014Trait (STAI-T).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Self-reported seasonality did not correlate with latitude (r=0.01, NS). On the other hand, a substantial relationship was found between seasonality and each of the measures of non-seasonal complaints: GHQ (r=0.35, p&lt;0.001); CES-D (r=0.35, p&lt;0.001); and STAI-T (r=0.30, p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Within the limitations of a design based on retrospective self-report, the findings of the present study suggest that the diathesis for SAD\/seasonality may not be photoperiod-specific. At least in Australia, there is provisional support for the proposal that human seasonality may have a broader psychological component. The findings are discussed in terms of established research into normal mood, trait personality and non-seasonal depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679709073832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1201173786000},"page":"279-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Seasonal Affective Disorder in Australia: Is Photoperiod Critical?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gregory W.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, 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