{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:30:47Z","timestamp":1771626647767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4622,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microcirculation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To develop techniques for assessing the sequestration of red blood cells (RBCs) in skin capillaries of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients due to RBC adhesion to endothelium (EC) and RBC aggregation, and to determine the extent to which these processes correlate with onset of painful vasoocclusive crisis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Video recordings of nailfold capillaries in the skin of patients with SCD were made during steady\u2010state periods and episodes of painful crisis. A transient low\u2010flow state was induced with a pressure cuff, and reductions in RBC velocity were measured by spatial cross\u2010correlation of light intensity along arterial and venous capillary limbs. An RBC accumulation index (AI) was calculated from RBC flow to represent the percentage of arterial in\u2010flow sequestered in a capillary. An index of hematocrit (HI) was derived from axial distributions of light intensity, and a sequestration index (SI) was calculated to represent the relative increase of venous limb HI relative to that in the arterial limb with onset of stasis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Both AI and SI increased dramatically from zero at steady flow to a maximum as shear rates within the capillary were reduced to zero. The increase was small until shear rates (\u03b3) fell below a transition value (\u03b3<jats:sub><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), following which both AI and SI increased sharply with onset of stasis. For 20 \u2264 \u03b3 &lt; \u03b3<jats:sub><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> the transient increase in AI was significantly elevated in the order AI<jats:sub>CRISIS<\/jats:sub> &gt; AI<jats:sub>STEADY STATE<\/jats:sub> &gt; AI<jats:sub>CONTROL<\/jats:sub>, thus reflecting increasing RBC sequestration in the venous limb due to either adhesion or aggregation. Compaction of RBCs in the venous limb was evidenced by increased SI that was greater than control for both steady\u2010state and crisis subjects, but insignificantly elevated during crisis compared to steady state, thus supporting a lesser role of RBC aggregation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Transient sequestration of sickle RBCs in the low\u2010flow state appears to be dominated by RBC\u2010EC adhesion, which becomes enhanced during crisis. Although aggregation may enhance adhesive contact of RBCs with EC, it does not increase to the same extent as the rate of sequestration, thus reflecting a greater role of RBC\u2010EC adhesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3109\/10739689709146792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,24]],"date-time":"2008-04-24T22:34:00Z","timestamp":1209076440000},"page":"289-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Shear Rate Dependency of Red Cell Sequestration in Skin Capillaries in Sickle Cell Disease and Its Variation with Vasoocclusive Crisis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Herbert H.","family":"Lipowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Microvascular determinants of blood flow behavior and HbSS erythrocyte plugging in the microcirculation","volume":"8","author":"Baez S","year":"1982","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.1.152.152","article-title":"Endothelial cell interactions with sickle cell, sickle trait, mechanically injured, and normal erythrocytes under controlled flow","volume":"170","author":"Barabino GA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197103000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106273","article-title":"Abnormal rheology of oxygenated blood in sickle cell anemia","volume":"4","author":"Chien S","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Sickle Cell Disease: Diagnosis, Management, Education and Research","author":"Diggs LW","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111234"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V64.2.559.559","article-title":"An objective sign in painful crisis in sickle cell anemia: the concomitant reduction of high density red cells","volume":"64","author":"Fabry ME","year":"1984","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Heterogeneity of red cells in the sickler","volume":"8","author":"Fabry ME","year":"1982","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(80)90033-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Relation of increased hypotonic fragility and of erythrostasis to the mechanism of hemolysis in certain anemias","volume":"55","author":"Ham TH","year":"1940","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1956.00250200021002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.2.214.214","article-title":"Beyond hemoglobin polymerization: the red blood cell membrane and sickle cell disease pathophysiology","volume":"77","author":"Hebbel RP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V58.5.947.947","article-title":"Modulations of erythrocyte\u2010endothelial interactions and the vasocclusive severity of sickling disorders","volume":"58","author":"Hebbel RP","year":"1981","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109646"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V54.4.872.872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(87)90068-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1971.221.1.105","article-title":"Influence of flow variations on the capillary hematocrit in mesentery","volume":"221","author":"Johnson PC","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118355","article-title":"In vivo demonstration of red cell\u2010endothelial interaction, sickling and altered microvascular response to oxygen in the sickle transgenic mouse","volume":"96","author":"Kaul DK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(83)90068-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Interactions between vessel wall and perfused sickled erythrocytes","volume":"3","author":"Kucukcelebi A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Scanning Electron Microsc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"Oxygen delivery to muscle cells during capillary occlusion by sickled erythrocytes","volume":"3","author":"LaCell P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nouv Rev Fr Hematol Blood Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Human SS red cell rheological behavior in the microcirculation of cremaster muscle","volume":"8","author":"Lipowsky HH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V63.1.73.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-198507030-00007","article-title":"Non\u2010invasive techniques to evaluate the vasoocclusive manifestations of sickle cell disease","volume":"7","author":"Rodgers GP","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198412133112403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"H113","article-title":"Microcirculatory adaptations in sickle cell anemia: reactive hyperemia response","volume":"258","author":"Rogers GP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(80)90083-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Hematocrit fluctuations within capillary tubes and estimation of F\u00e5hraeus effect","volume":"5","author":"Secomb TW","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Microcirc Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.6.1891.1891","article-title":"Alpha 4 beta 1\u2010integrin expression on sickle reticulocytes: vascular cell adhesion molecule\u20101\u2010dependent binding to endothelium","volume":"82","author":"Swerlick RA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(75)90069-2"}],"container-title":["Microcirculation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.3109%2F10739689709146792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3109\/10739689709146792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T18:42:38Z","timestamp":1698432158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3109\/10739689709146792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3109\/10739689709146792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10739689709146792","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-9688","1549-8719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-9688","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-8719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}}}