{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T20:34:21Z","timestamp":1759178061252},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]],"date-time":"2011-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7418,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study gives detailed information regarding the changes of bulbar dysfunction in a long\u2010term follow\u2010up of four severely brain\u2010damaged young persons. There are similarities in the pathology and symptomatology of the four and all made measurable improvements albeit these did not start for some considerable time following injury. Few gains in bulbar function were noted in the first 18 months. One subject began to improve after 24 months, another after 30 months with the most substantial changes for all subjects being seen by 48 months post\u2010injury. Further small improvements continued to be recorded up until the end of the study. The four subjects with severe dysarthria and profound physical disability following head injury were monitored for 7 years. All were assessed using the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA) at regular intervals. The gains were not so significant that any became independent oral speakers. Although the subjects remain severely dysarthric and all use communication aids, the improvements are seen to have functional relevance. The timing of the maximum improvement was noted to follow the cessation of specific remediation of bulbar function. The results of this study raise interesting questions with regard to neurological recovery and rehabilitation management. It is possible to speculate that oral\/motor therapy should be implemented at a later stage with severely head\u2010injured patients in an attempt to exploit and extend returning function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829009011982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]],"date-time":"2007-11-18T01:19:56Z","timestamp":1195348796000},"page":"341-354","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Long\u2010term recovery patterns of severe dysarthria following head injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Pam","family":"Enderby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Crow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation of Closed Head Injured Patients: A dynamic approach","author":"Adamovich B. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Disorders of the Nervous System","author":"Astrom Eecken","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Functional outcome of closed head injury in children and young adults","volume":"65","author":"Eiben C. G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment","author":"Enderby P.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91650-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Rehabilitation of the Severely Brain Injured Adult","author":"Fussey I.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Language Acquisition and Language Breakdown","author":"Lemay M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.50.4.0412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Cognitive behaviour therapy","volume":"27","author":"Mackay D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91519-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.49.6.822"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Psychosocial adjustment associated with traumatic brain injury: Statistics BNI neurohabilitation must beat","volume":"3","author":"Pricatano G. P.","year":"1987","journal-title":"BNI Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682827909011359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Treatment after Brain Injury","author":"Trexler L. E.","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.3109%2F13682829009011982","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3109\/13682829009011982","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T19:08:43Z","timestamp":1698001723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3109\/13682829009011982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3109\/13682829009011982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13682829009011982","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-03-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}