{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:16:20Z","timestamp":1791047780348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,31]],"date-time":"2010-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4923,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstracts<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of frequency altered feedback (FAF) and audience size on stuttering frequency was examined. Nine adults who stutter orally read to audiences of two, four and 15 people under conditions of FAF (one\u2010half octave shift down) and non\u2010altered auditory feedback (NAF). There was no statistically significant effect of audience size on stuttering frequency (p&gt;0.05). A statistically significant reduction in stuttering frequency was found under FAF relative to NAF (p&lt;0.5). Collapsed across audience conditions, stuttering frequency was reduced by 74%. These findings suggest that FAF may be useful as a treatment tool.<\/jats:p><jats:p>L'on a examin\u00e9 l'effet sur la fr\u00e9quence de b\u00e9gaiement, du feedback avec changement de fr\u00e9quence fondamentale (FAF dans le texte en anglais), et due nombre des auditeurs. Neuf adultes b\u00e8gues ont lu \u00e0 voix haute \u00e0 des groupes de respectivement deux, quatre et 15 auditeurs, soit avec un feedback FAF baiss\u00e9 d'un demi octave, soit avec un feedback auditif non modifi\u00e9 (NAF). Il n'y a eu aucun effet significatif du nombre des auditeurs sur la fr\u00e9quence de b\u00e9gaiement (p&lt;0,05). L'on a remar\u00e9 une r\u00e9duction statistiquement significative de cette fr\u00e9quence pendant le FAF, par rapport au NAF (p&lt;0,5). Etal\u00e9e \u00e0 travers les diverses conditions de nombre d'auditeurs la fr\u00e9quence de b\u00e9gaiement \u00e9tait r\u00e9duite de 74%. Ces donn\u00e9es sugg\u00e8rent que le FAF peut \u011btre utile en tant 'instrument de traitement.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Der Einflu\u03b2 auf das Stottern von frequenzver\u00e4nderter R\u00fcckkopplung (frequency altered feedback: FAF) und Gr\u00f6\u03b2e der Zuh\u00f6rergruppe wurde untersucht. Neun erwachsene Stotterer fasen vor Gruppen von 2, 4 und 15 Zuh\u00f6ren under FAF\u2010Bedingungen (Frequenzsenkung von 6,5 Oktave) und nichver\u00e4nderten Bedingungen (NAF) vor. Der Effekt der Zuh\u00f6rergruppe war nicht signifikant (p&gt;0,05). Unter FAF\u2010Bedingungen wurde eine signifikant Reduktion des Stotterns (p&gt;0,05) gefunden. Die verschiedenen Zuh\u00f6rerbedingungen zusammengenommen reduzierte sich das Stottern um 74%. Dieses Ergebnis weist auf das Potential der FAF als Behandlungsmethode hin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829709017901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]],"date-time":"2007-11-29T11:22:21Z","timestamp":1196335341000},"page":"359-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Effect of frequency altered feedback and audience size on stuttering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"JOY","family":"ARMSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SHEILA","family":"FOOTE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"COLLEEN","family":"WITT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOSEPH","family":"KALINOWSKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDREW","family":"STUART","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Stuttering: a review of research findings and theories circa 1982","volume":"45","author":"Andrew G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Maintenance of Fluency","author":"Boberg E","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (revised edition)","author":"Cohen J","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Communication stress and stuttering frequency during normal, whispered and articulation \u2014 without phonation speech: a further study","volume":"5","author":"Commodore R W","year":"1980","journal-title":"Human Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Stuttering in Children and Adults","author":"Dixon C C","year":"1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487009131533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook (third edition)","author":"Keppel G","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447903900116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3706.1313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6969-8_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099303600101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829609033157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2201.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(94)00010-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment","author":"Peters T J","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.0404.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3902.396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Stuttering in Children and Adults","author":"Riper C","year":"1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment \u2014 what's new? 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