{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:00:16Z","timestamp":1787169616693,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hallux rigidus (HR) is one of the most common causes of forefoot pain. A number of classification systems have been developed to evaluate HR. These systems are based on either radiological parameters alone or a combination of radiological and clinical features. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate HR classification systems by undertaking a detailed review using English language medical and paramedical databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"materials\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors identified 18 formal HR classification systems described in the literature, some of which are variations on a theme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No clear consensus on the construction of HR classification systems appears to exist. Different criteria and methods are used which make comparison difficult. Furthermore, it appears that, no serious consideration has been given to their reliability and validity. Criteria used to justify inclusion of these parameters have been based mainly on clinical experience rather than formal research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For such a common condition, there is a need for a properly constructed, prospective study to develop a suitable classification system. It should include scientifically validated parameters to help stratify different stages of the disease and aid clinical and scientific communication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3113\/fai.2008.0407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,28]],"date-time":"2008-04-28T20:10:59Z","timestamp":1209413459000},"page":"407-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Classification Systems for Hallux Rigidus: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Beeson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Corr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Ribbans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800407"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2005.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2003.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.32B2.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.34B3.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00519-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"477","article-title":"Functional limitation of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.","volume":"23","author":"Cohen I.","year":"1984","unstructured":"CohenI.; KanatI.: Functional limitation of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. J Foot Surg. 23: 477\u2013487, 1984.","journal-title":"J Foot Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"605","volume-title":"Surgery of the Foot & Ankle","author":"Coughlin M.J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"CoughlinM.J.: Arthritides. In: CoughlinMJ.MannR.A.: Surgery of the Foot & Ankle 7th Ed. St Louis.: Mosby. 1999, 605\u2013650.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302401002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200311000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2982889"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"A comprehensive review of hallux limitus.","volume":"23","author":"Drago JJ","year":"1984","unstructured":"DragoJJ; OloffL.; JacobsA.M.: A comprehensive review of hallux limitus. J Foot & Ankle Surg 23: 213\u2013220, 1984.","journal-title":"J Foot & Ankle Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80189-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Cheilectomy: still a useful technique for grade 1 and grade 2 hallux limitus\/ rigidus.","volume":"31","author":"Geldwert JJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"GeldwertJJ; RockGD; McGrathM.P.; MancusoJ.E.: Cheilectomy: still a useful technique for grade 1 and grade 2 hallux limitus\/ rigidus. J Foot Surg. 31: 154\u2013159, 1992.","journal-title":"J Foot Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"400","volume-title":"Foot disorders: medical and surgical management.","author":"Giannestras N.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"GiannestrasN.J.: Hallux Rigidus. In GiannestrasN.J. Ed. Foot disorders: medical and surgical management. Philadephia: Lea & Febiger. 1973, 400\u2013402."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200412002-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576605900908"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"A new radiographic classification for hallux limitus.","volume":"32","author":"Hanft JR","year":"1993","unstructured":"HanftJR; MasonE.T.; LandsmanA.S.: A new radiographic classification for hallux limitus. J Foot Ankle Surg. 32: 397\u2013404, 1993.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198801000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199802)41:2<361::AID-ART21>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002710710"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.157.5.1927789"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Arthroplastic resections. In hallux valgus, allied deformities of the forefoot and metatarsalgia.","author":"Kelikian H.","year":"1965","unstructured":"KelikianH.: Hallux Rigidus. In KelikianH. ed. Arthroplastic resections. In hallux valgus, allied deformities of the forefoot and metatarsalgia. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1965, 262\u2013281."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02942383"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.40B4.668"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"KLL Progressive staging classification of hallux limitus and hallux rigidus.","volume":"1","author":"Kravitz SR","year":"1994","unstructured":"KravitzSR; LaPortaG.A.; LawsonJ.H.: KLL Progressive staging classification of hallux limitus and hallux rigidus. The Lower Extremity 1: 55\u201366, 1994.","journal-title":"The Lower Extremity"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591573803101103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"627","article-title":"Dorsal bunion: Its mechanics and operative correction.","volume":"22","author":"Lapidus P.","year":"1940","unstructured":"LapidusP.: Dorsal bunion: Its mechanics and operative correction. J Bone Joint Surg. 22B: 627\u2013637, 1940.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(01)80079-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200602"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80032-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870030-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197907000-00010","article-title":"Hallux rigidus: a review of the literature and a method of treatment.","volume":"142","author":"Mann RA","year":"1979","unstructured":"MannRA; CoughlinM.J.; DuVriesH.L.: Hallux rigidus: a review of the literature and a method of treatment. Clin Orthop. 142: 57\u201363, 1979.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B1.627584"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000405"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453673008991145"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","first-page":"503","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of surgical treatment of hallux rigidus\/limitus: Clinical and radiographic followup of hinged, silastic implant arthroplasty and cheilectomy.","volume":"27","author":"Pontell D.P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"PontellD.P.; GudasC.J.: Retrospective analysis of surgical treatment of hallux rigidus\/limitus: Clinical and radiographic followup of hinged, silastic implant arthroplasty and cheilectomy. J Foot Surg. 27: 503\u2013510, 1988.","journal-title":"J Foot Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61605-1_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.010348"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(00)80016-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(02)80031-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"Hallux equinus: The stages of hallux limitus and hallux rigidus.","volume":"74","author":"Rzonca E","year":"1984","unstructured":"RzoncaE; LevitzS.; LueB.: Hallux equinus: The stages of hallux limitus and hallux rigidus. JAPA. 74: 390\u2013393, 1984.","journal-title":"JAPA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80025-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(00)00167-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-87-9-414"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Muskuloskeletal outcomes measures and instruments. AO Handbook.","author":"Suk M","year":"2005","unstructured":"SukM; HansonBP; NorvellD.C.; HelfetD.L.: Muskuloskeletal outcomes measures and instruments. AO Handbook. New York. Thieme. 2005, 7\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","first-page":"124","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders Panel of the American College of Foot & Ankle Surgeons.","volume":"42","author":"Vanore JV","year":"2003","unstructured":"VanoreJV; ChristensenJ.C.; KravitzSR: Clinical practice guideline first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders Panel of the American College of Foot & Ankle Surgeons. Diagnosis and treatment of first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders. Section 2: Hallux rigidus. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 42: 124\u2013136, 2003. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S1067-2516(03)70015-5","journal-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders. Section 2: Hallux rigidus. J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(98)80112-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"The value of radiographic parameters in the surgical treatment of hallux rigidus.","volume":"44","author":"Zygonis T","year":"2005","unstructured":"ZygonisT; JollyG.P.; GarbalosaJ.C.: The value of radiographic parameters in the surgical treatment of hallux rigidus. J Foot & Ankle Surg. 44: 185\u2013189, 2005.","journal-title":"J Foot & Ankle Surg."}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0407","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:43:53Z","timestamp":1767627833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3113\/FAI.2008.0407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/fai.2008.0407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}