{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:52:05Z","timestamp":1790506325430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Background: Three-dimensional data is required to have advanced knowledge of foot and ankle kinematics and morphology. However, studies have been difficult to compare due to a lack of a common coordinate system. Therefore, we present a means to define a coordinate frame in the foot and ankle and its clinical application. Materials and Methods: We carried out ten CT scans in anatomically normal feet and segmented them in a general purpose segmentation program for grey value images. 3D binary formatted stereolithography files were then create and imported to a shape analysis program for biomechanics which was used to define a coordinate frame and carry out morphological analysis of the forefoot. Results: The coordinate frame had axes standard deviations of 2.36 which are comparable to axes variability of other joint coordinate systems. We showed a strong correlation between the lengths of the metatarsals within and between the columns of the foot and also among the lesser metatarsal lengths. Conclusion: We present a reproducible method for construction of a coordinate system for the foot and ankle with low axes variability. Clinical Relevance: To conduct meaningful comparison between multiple subjects the coordinate system must be constant. This system enables such comparison and therefore will aid morphological data collection and improve preoperative planning accuracy. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Study <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3113\/fai.2011.0193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T22:59:21Z","timestamp":1296601161000},"page":"193-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Definition of Coordinate System for Three-Dimensional Data Analysis in the Foot and Ankle"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Connor","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Donny- brook, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"FitzPatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Donny- brook, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Flavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.02.020"},{"key":"bibr2-FAI.2011.0193","unstructured":"Cohen J: 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"bibr3-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20348"},{"key":"bibr4-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110000-00009"},{"key":"bibr5-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2006.11.001"},{"key":"bibr6-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0256"},{"key":"bibr7-FAI.2011.0193","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"Hayes A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J."},{"key":"bibr8-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00022-5"},{"key":"bibr9-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00148-7"},{"key":"bibr10-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300902"},{"key":"bibr11-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110000-00008"},{"key":"bibr12-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.11.017"},{"key":"bibr13-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(98)00070-6"},{"key":"bibr14-FAI.2011.0193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502600509"},{"key":"bibr15-FAI.2011.0193","unstructured":"Weisstein E: The angle between two vectors. 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