{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:59:54Z","timestamp":1768345194319,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot Ankle Int."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metatarsus primus elevatus (MPE) has long been suggested as a primary causative factor in the pathogenesis of hallux rigidus (HR). The purpose of this investigation was to more clearly define this relationship by comparison of first ray position in patients with hallux rigidus, hallux valgus, and a control population with no known foot pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"materials|methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical and radiographical data were retrospectively collected from 297 patients (394 feet) between the periods of January 2007 and September 2008. Patients were stratified into those having isolated HR (110 patients, 145 feet), isolated hallux valgus (HV) (118 patients, 159 feet), and control group (C) of asymptomatic volunteers (69 patients, 90 feet). Any patient with a previous history of foot trauma, surgery, or other foot or ankle pathology was excluded from the study. Standing lateral weightbearing X-rays were obtained for measurement of first to second metatarsal head elevation (Horton Index), Seiberg Index, and Sagittal Intermetatarsal Angle (IMA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant difference in first ray elevation in HR population was identified by all the three measurements. Horton Index (mm) was 6.4 \u00b1 2.5 for HR population, as compared to 4.0 \u00b1 2.5 and 3.4 \u00b1 1.9 for the HV and C populations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05). Seiberg Index (mm) measured 2.5 \u00b1 1.8 for the HR group, versus 1.0 \u00b1 1.6 and 0.24 \u00b1 0.9 for the HV and C groups respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05). The sagittal IMA (degrees) were 4.5 \u00b1 2.5 versus 2.7 \u00b1 2.2 and 1.8 \u00b1 1.2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This investigation does not show any etiological relation between MPE and HR, but identified a correlation between them.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Series<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3113\/fai.2011.0782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T12:38:40Z","timestamp":1321879120000},"page":"782-788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Radiographic Considerations of Hallux Valgus versus Hallux Rigidus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Usuelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS Piede e Caviglia, IRCCS Galeazzi, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Palmucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS Piede e Caviglia, IRCCS Galeazzi, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto A.","family":"Montrasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS Piede e Caviglia, IRCCS Galeazzi, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Divisione, IRCCS Galeazzi, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1997.0040199"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.32B2.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.34B3.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-5-251"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Camasta CA: Radiographic evaluation and classification of metatarsus primus elevatus in Recostructive Surgery of the foot and leg update 1994 ed by CA Camasta pizz the Podiatry Institute Tucker GA 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00816-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-6-294"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"459","article-title":"Condition of stiff great toe in adolescent, Edinburgh","volume":"33","author":"Cotteril J","year":"1887","unstructured":"Cotteril J: Condition of stiff great toe in adolescent, Edinburgh, Mcd J 33:459, 1887.","journal-title":"Mcd J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302401002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"583","article-title":"Surgery of the foot and ankle","author":"Coughlin J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coughlin J, Mann R: Surgery of the foot and ankle. 7th edition, Editore Verducci, I:583\u2013616, 2001.","journal-title":"Editore Verducci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"On contraction of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe (Hallux flexus)","volume":"20","author":"Davies-Colley N","year":"1887","unstructured":"Davies-Colley N: On contraction of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe (Hallux flexus). Trans Clin Soc London, 20:165, 1887.","journal-title":"Trans Clin Soc London"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-92-10-543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400404"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902001204"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002710710"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Hallux valgus, rigidus and malleus","author":"Jansen MJ","year":"1921","unstructured":"Jansen MJ: Hallux valgus, rigidus and malleus. J Orthop Surg. 387\u201390, 1921.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591573803101103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0677"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Hallux rigidus","volume":"39","author":"Mann RA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mann RA: Hallux rigidus. Instr. Course Lect., 39:15\u201321, 1990.","journal-title":"Instr. Course Lect."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B1.627584"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Metatarsus primus elevatus and etiology of hallux rigidus","volume":"26","author":"Meyer JO","year":"1987","unstructured":"Meyer JO, Nishon LR, Weiss L, : Metatarsus primus elevatus and etiology of hallux rigidus. J Foot Surg. 26(3):237\u201341, 1987.","journal-title":"J Foot Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2003.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453673008991145"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"http:\/\/acfaom.org."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","article-title":"Metatarsus primus elevatus in hallux rigidus. Fact or fiction?","volume":"95","author":"Roukis TS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roukis TS: Metatarsus primus elevatus in hallux rigidus. Fact or fiction? J Am Pod Med Assoc. 95(3), 2005.","journal-title":"J Am Pod Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(02)80031-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"The closing wedge osteotomy: A critical analysis of first metatarsal elevation","volume":"74","author":"Schuberth JM","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schuberth JM, Reiliy CH, Tinley P: The closing wedge osteotomy: A critical analysis of first metatarsal elevation. JAPA. 74:13, 1984.","journal-title":"JAPA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-84-11-548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200502000-00042"}],"container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.0782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.0782","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.0782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:49:50Z","timestamp":1767649790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.0782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3113\/FAI.2011.0782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/fai.2011.0782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-1007","1944-7876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}}}