{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T21:11:06Z","timestamp":1774300266554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cartographica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Beginning in the twentieth century, theoretical and practical advances in computer technology, communications, and cartography have led to new paradigms in mapping. For the design of the Expert-Topographic Map Service in Mexico, we adopted a theoretical cybercartography framework that we expanded to incorporate expert systems. Another line of research is to include other artificial intelligence resources. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we were able to focus our efforts on the interconnection between knowledge and geotechnology to offer solutions to complex societal problems. This paper explores the theoretical pillars that support the design of an Expert-Topographic Map Service, including cybercartography, knowledge-based systems, and surface mathematical modeling. This is the first study to apply cybercartography to topographic mapping. As shown, we used the Triangular Irregular Network Model to transform a map that in the digital era was conceived solely as an information system into a container of knowledge through the abstract representation of features such as relief. We were thereby able to bridge digital topographic maps with other knowledge-based models, such as expert systems. Given the societal demand and empirical context for this research, topographic maps and services are still at the core of cartographic initiatives in the twenty-first century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cart-2025-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T20:17:22Z","timestamp":1774297042000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cybercartography as a Theoretical Framework for the Design of an Expert-Topographic Map Service"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de Informaci\u00f3n Geoespacial A.C. (CentroGeo) \/ Tlalpan \/ CDMX \/ Mexico"}]},{"given":"D.R. Fraser","family":"Taylor (\u2020)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre \/ Carleton University \/ Ottawa \/ ON \/ Canada"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040110","volume":"13","author":"Caudill C.M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"},{"key":"r2","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Cardenismo: Auge y Ca\u00edda de un Legado Pol\u00edtico y Social","author":"Calder\u00f3n-M\u00f3lgora M.A","year":"2017"},{"key":"r3","volume-title":"Developments in Expert Systems: From a Special Issue of The International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","author":"Coombs M.J","year":"1984"},{"key":"r4","volume-title":"AI, The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence","author":"Crevier D","year":"1993"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8472-2_3","volume-title":"Design Research Now","author":"Cross N","year":"2007"},{"key":"r6","volume-title":"Display & Analysis of Spatial Data","author":"Davis J.C.","year":"1975"},{"key":"r7","volume-title":"Computer Mapping for Resource Analysis: Proceedings of a Cogeodata Conference","author":"Davis J.C.","year":"1978"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10096.001.0001","volume-title":"Frame Innovation: Create New Thinking by Design","author":"Dorst K","year":"2015"},{"key":"r9","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Computer Mapping for Resource Analysis. 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McHaffie, J. and Pickles. 1997. \u201cThe GIS History Project.\u201d UCGIS Summer Assembly, Bar Harbor, ME, USA."},{"key":"r21","first-page":"233","author":"Maxwell J.C","year":"1870","journal-title":"Philosophical Magazine"},{"key":"r22","volume-title":"The Design Way","author":"Nelson H.G.","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"key":"r23","volume-title":"Display & Analysis of Spatial Data","author":"Peucker T.K.","year":"1975"},{"key":"r24","volume-title":"Triangulated Irregular Networks for Representing Three-Dimensional Surfaces","author":"Peucker T.K.","year":"1976"},{"key":"r25","volume-title":"Cybercartography: Theory and Practice","author":"Reyes M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"r26","volume-title":"Cybercartography: Theory and Practice","author":"Reyes M.","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3138\/C034-6P5T-W322-1G72","volume":"41","author":"Reyes C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"r28","volume-title":"Elements of Cartography","author":"Robinson A.H.","year":"2009","edition":"6"},{"key":"r29","volume-title":"Enterprise Architecture as Strategy: Creating a Foundation for Business Execution","author":"Ross W R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"r30","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach","author":"Russell S.J.","year":"2021","edition":"4"},{"key":"r31","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"Simon H.A","year":"1996","edition":"3"},{"key":"r32","volume-title":"Display & Analysis of Spatial Data","author":"Sprunt B.F","year":"1975"},{"key":"r33","author":"Stilwell J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Papers on Topology, Analysis Situs and Its Five Supplements by Henri Poincar\u00e9"},{"key":"r34","volume-title":"Cybercartography: Theory and Practice","author":"Taylor D.R.F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"r35","volume-title":"Cybercartography: Theory and Practice","author":"Taylor D.R.F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"r36","volume-title":"Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography","author":"Taylor D.R.F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"r37","volume-title":"Further Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography","author":"Taylor D.R.F","year":"2019"},{"key":"r38","volume-title":"Design Things","author":"Telier A.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","first-page":"47","volume":"17","author":"Warntz W","year":"1966","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"}],"container-title":["Cartographica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cart-2025-0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T20:17:41Z","timestamp":1774297061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/cart-2025-0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cart-2025-0002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cart-2025-0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-7173","1911-9925"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-7173","type":"print"},{"value":"1911-9925","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}