{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T11:40:03Z","timestamp":1741866003247,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cartographica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In most GIS software, geometric measurements (length, area) computed from the geometry of vector objects are performed in two dimensions, which generates systematic underestimates. Several reasons can explain this critical situation: two of these include deficiencies in the geometric modelling of vector data and absence of correctly implemented methods for computing measurements using altitudes. To reduce the systematic error in geometric measurements caused by the omission of altitudes, methods are proposed to (1) enrich the geometry of geographical features using external altimetric data and (2) compute length and area using altitudes. These propositions are implemented in a model that allows any GIS user to take terrain into account in the computation of length and area and estimate the underestimation involved in two-dimensional measurements. Experiments are finally performed to illustrate the functioning of the model and test the impact of the quality of several altimetric data sources. Results demonstrate that freely available digital elevation models reduce measurement error. Based on comparisons with high-resolution databases, the results also show that omitting the terrain is not sufficient to assess the entire measurement error, which is also affected by other processes, such as digitizing error and cartographic projection. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T19:05:06Z","timestamp":1521659106000},"page":"52-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Error Reduction in Geometric Measurements Based on Altimetric Enrichment of Geographical Features"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Girres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul-Val\u00e9ry Montpellier 3 \/ IRD \/ UMR GRED 220 \/ Montpellier \/ France"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Geographic Information Science (AGILE'09)","year":"2009","author":"Brasebin M.","key":"B1"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1201\/b19160-5","volume-title":"Uncertainty Modelling and Quality Control for Spatial Data","author":"Chrisman N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"241","volume":"48","author":"Chrisman N.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surveying and Mapping"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2008.03.005","volume":"63","author":"De Bruin S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","volume":"45","author":"Farr T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews of Geophysics"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133306pp492ra","volume":"30","author":"Fisher P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Physical Geography"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality (ISSDQ'11)","author":"Girres J.-F.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2010.01203.x","volume":"14","author":"Girres J.-F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transactions in GIS"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Spatial Accuracy Assessment: Land Information Uncertainty in Natural Resources","author":"Goodchild M.F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"81","volume-title":"The Accuracy of Spatial Databases","author":"Griffith D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Innovative Software Development in GIS","author":"Grosso E.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","volume":"37","author":"Haklay M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environment and Planning: B. Planning and Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/08120091003677553","volume":"57","author":"Hirt C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"IGN. 2010. \u201cBDCARTO Version 3.1 - Descriptif de Contenu.\u201d Institut G\u00e9ographique National, France. Available at http:\/\/professionnels.ign.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/DC_BDCARTO_3_1.pdf"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"IGN. 2011a. \u201cBDALTI Version 1 \u2013 Descriptif de Contenu.\u201d Institut G\u00e9ographique National, France. Available at http:\/\/professionnels.ign.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/DC_BDALTIV1.pdf"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"IGN. 2011b. \u201cBDTOPO Version 2.1 \u2013 Descriptif de Contenu.\u201d Institut G\u00e9ographique National, France. Available at http:\/\/professionnels.ign.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/DC_BDTOPO_2-1.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-004-0144-1","volume":"6","author":"Leung Y.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Geographical Systems"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Oksanen, J. 2006. \u201cDigital Elevation Model Error in Terrain Analysis.\u201d PhD diss. University of Helsinki, Finland"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"1601","volume":"55","author":"Prisley S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of XXVIII INCA International Congress on Collaborative Mapping and Space Technology","year":"2008","author":"Schmitz S.","key":"B20"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0209-4_11","volume-title":"Spatial Uncertainty in Ecology: Implications for Remote Sensing and GIS Applications","author":"Shortridge A.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"10","key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802634956","volume":"29","author":"Steiniger S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cartographica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:35:46Z","timestamp":1741862146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-7173","1911-9925"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0317-7173"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1911-9925"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}}}