{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:40:25Z","timestamp":1778942425946,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cartographica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Geocrowdsourcing is a significant new focus area in mapping for people with disabilities. It utilizes public data contributions that are difficult to capture with traditional mapping workflows. Along with the benefits of geocrowdsourcing are critical drawbacks, including reliability and accuracy. A geocrowdsourcing testbed has been designed to explore the dynamics of geocrowdsourcing and quality assessment and produce temporally relevant navigation obstacle data. These reports are then used for route planning, obstacle avoidance, and spatial awareness. Recently, the geocrowdsourcing testbed has been modified to focus on the contribution of images and short descriptions, rather than the more lengthy previous reporting process. The quality assessment workflow of the geocrowdsourcing testbed is contrasted with a modified quality assessment workflow, implemented in the simpler and quicker image-based reporting paradigm. General quality assessment of data position and temporal characteristics is still possible, while general data attributes and detail are now supplied by a moderator from the contributed image. The derivation of obstacle location from multiple intersected image direction vectors does not produce reliable results, but an approach using buffered convex hulls works dependably. This simpler, quicker geocrowdsourcing workflow produces geocrowdsourced obstacle data and quality assessment estimates for location, time, and attribute accuracy. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T19:05:06Z","timestamp":1521659106000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quality Assessment and Accessibility Mapping in an Image-Based Geocrowdsourcing Testbed"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography\u00a0\/ University of Calgary\u00a0\/ Calgary\u00a0\/ AB\u00a0\/ Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Pfoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Curtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography\u00a0\/ University of Alabama\u00a0\/ Tuscaloosa\u00a0\/ AL\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Coll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"},{"name":"Mapbox \/ Washington \/ DC \/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Paez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Omar","family":"Aburizaiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science\u00a0\/ George Mason University\u00a0\/ Fairfax\u00a0\/ VA\u00a0\/ USA"},{"name":"Department of Geomatics\u00a0\/ Faculty of Environmental Designs\u00a0\/ King Abdulaziz University\u00a0\/ Jeddah\u00a0\/ Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s41324-016-0042-x","volume":"24","author":"Aburizaiza A.O.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spatial Information Research"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1145\/2525314.2525329","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems","author":"Brittell M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"332","volume":"4","author":"Coleman D.J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"27","volume":"64","author":"Coleman D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927860","volume":"5","author":"Coulson M.R.C.","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Mapping the Nations, 15th Conference and 9th General Assembly of the International Cartographic Association","volume":"1","author":"Coulson M.","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2011.595657","volume":"102","author":"Elwood S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"2914","volume-title":"Proceedings, the 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001","volume":"5","author":"Eriksson Y.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2010.01203.x","volume":"14","author":"Girres J.-F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transactions in GIS"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Golledge, R.G. 2001. Convocation Address, Simon Fraser University, 6 June 2001. Simon Fraser News 21(4), 14 June. http:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/archive-sfunews\/sfnews\/2001\/June14\/golledgefulltext.html"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/136588198241635","volume":"12","author":"Golledge R.G.","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Golledge, R.G., J.R. Marston, J.M. Loomis, and R.L. Klatzky. 2007. \u201cWay Finding without Sight: The Haptic Pointer Interface.\u201d Invited paper read at the Association of American Geographers (AAG) 104tnd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA"},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0033-0124.2005.00482.x","volume":"57","author":"Golledge R.G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Professional Geographer"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y","volume":"69","author":"Goodchild M.F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17489720902950374","volume":"3","author":"Goodchild M.F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Location Based Services"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2012.03.002","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild M.F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spatial Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600965271","volume":"21","author":"Goodchild M.F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"International Cartographic Association","volume-title":"Elements of Spatial Data Quality","volume":"202","author":"Guptill S.C.","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","volume":"37","author":"Haklay M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design"},{"issue":"4","key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1179\/000870410X12911304958827","volume":"47","author":"Haklay M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cartographic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/00050326.1992.10438784","volume":"37","author":"Hunter G.J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australian Surveyor"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14280-7","volume-title":"OpenStreetMap in GIScience: Experiences, Research, and Applications","author":"Jokar Arsanjani J.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/00750779809478630","volume":"31","author":"Kitchin R.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Irish Geography"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Geographic Information Science and Systems","author":"Longley P.A.","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality","author":"Loomis J.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"International Cartographic Conference","author":"Miele J.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619606064436","volume":"24","author":"Miele J.A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Visual Impairment"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Paez, F. I. 2014. \u201cRecruitment, Training, and Social Dynamics in Geo-crowdsourcing for Accessibility.\u201d MS thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"2906","volume-title":"Proceedings, the 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001","volume":"5","author":"Perkins C.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132502ph383pr","volume":"26","author":"Perkins C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress in Human Geography"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"25th International Cartographic Conference","author":"Przyszewska K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"179","volume":"1","author":"Qin H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-015-9659-x","volume":"81","author":"Qin H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"issue":"2","key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01318.x","volume":"16","author":"Rice M.T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transactions in GIS"},{"issue":"2","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3138\/cart.51.2.3143","volume":"51","author":"Rice R.M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Rice, M.T., K.M. Curtin, F.I. Paez, C.R. Seitz, and H. Qin. 2013a. \u201cCrowdsourcing to Support Navigation for the Disabled: A Report on the Motivations, Design, Creation and Assessment of a Testbed Environment for Accessibility.\u201d US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army Topographic Engineering Center Technical Report, Data Level Enterprise Tools Workgroup No. BAA: #AA10\u20134733, 1\u201362. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University. http:\/\/oai.dtic.mil\/oai\/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA588474"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice, M.T., K.M. Curtin, D. Pfoser, R.M. Rice, S. Fuhrmann, H. Qin, R.D. Vese Jr., E.W. Ong, J.V. Fayne, F.I. Paez, and others. 2015. \u201cSocial Moderation and Dynamic Elements in Crowdsourced Geospatial Data: A Report on Quality Assessment, Dynamic Extensions and Mobile Device Engagement in the George Mason University Geocrowdsourcing Testbed.\u201d Technical Report No. AD1001943, 1\u2013126. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University. http:\/\/oai.dtic.mil\/oai\/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD1001943","DOI":"10.21236\/AD1001943"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19143-5_16","volume-title":"Advances in Cartography and GIScience","volume":"1","author":"Rice M.T.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.799737","volume":"40","author":"Rice M.T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1559\/152304005775194656","volume":"32","author":"Rice M.T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice, M.T., F.I. Paez, A.P. Mulhollen, B.M. Shore, and D.R. Caldwell. 2012b. \u201cCrowdsourced Geospatial Data: A Report on the Emerging Phenomena of Crowdsourced and User-Generated Geospatial Data.\u201d US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army Topographic Engineering Center Technical Report, Data Level Enterprise Tools Workgroup No. BAA: #AA10\u20134733. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a576607.pdf, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21236\/ADA576607","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA576607"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Rice, M.T., F.I. Paez, R.M. Rice, E.W. Ong, H. Qin, C.R. Seitz, J.V. Fayne, K.M. Curtin, S. Fuhrmann, D. Pfoser, and R.M. Medina. 2014. \u201cQuality Assessment and Accessibility Applications of Crowdsourced Geospatial Data: A Report on the Development and Extension of the George Mason University Geocrowdsourcing Testbed.\u201d Fairfax, VA: George Mason University. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/get-tr-doc\/pdf?AD=ADA615952"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Rice, R.M. 2015. \u201cValidating VGI Data Quality in Local Crowdsourced Accessibility Mapping Applications: A George Mason University Case Study.\u201d Master's thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Ruitton-Allinieu, A.M. 2011. \u201cCrowdsourcing of Geoinformation: Data Quality and Possible Applications.\u201d Master's thesis, Aalto University School of Engineering, Department of Surveying, ENSTA Bretagne"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Mapping the Nations: Proceedings, 15th Conference and 9th General Assembly of the International Cartographic Association","volume":"1","author":"Tatham A.F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"2923","volume-title":"Proceedings, The 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001","volume":"5","author":"Tatham A.F.","year":"2001"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"2894","volume-title":"Proceedings, The 20th International Cartographic Conference, ICC 2001","volume":"5","author":"Taylor D.R.F.","year":"2001"},{"key":"B48","first-page":"177","volume":"1","author":"Veregin H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geographical Information Systems"}],"container-title":["Cartographica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:35:07Z","timestamp":1741862107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cart.53.1.2017-0013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-7173","1911-9925"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-7173","type":"print"},{"value":"1911-9925","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}}}