{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:09:13Z","timestamp":1721174953779},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As the First World War progressed, rates of typhoid diminished. This was heralded as a triumph of sanitary improvement and disease protection; yet as to how the British military achieved this remains a contentious issue. Objections arose around the danger of inoculation and the unpleasant and potentially deadly side effects. Between the unaffected and the sufferers of the vaccine\u2019s side effects are the unexplored stories of the refusers. Often bizarre, their accounts include stories of unsanctioned cajoling, arrests, suspension of privileges, and even physically forced inoculation. Soldiers could be encouraged, convinced, and, in rare cases, even forced to undergo inoculation. For others, the opportunity to refuse was often not made clear, as inoculation became part of routine military life. Despite the fact that soldiers were supposed to have complete autonomy over their own inoculation, the reality was often different. Penalties for noncompliance and a lack of clarification about soldiers\u2019 rights demonstrated that throughout the war a clash developed between individual autonomy and an authoritarian regime determined to ensure the health of its fighting force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.280-082018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T16:12:22Z","timestamp":1553271142000},"page":"131-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Greater Good: Agency and Inoculation in the British Army, 1914\u201318"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Simon H.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, University of Strathclyde"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"fn1","unstructured":"\u201cMasefield, Jack Briscoe (Oral History),\u201d Imperial War Museum [IWM] SA, 4609, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn2","unstructured":"Mark Harrison,The Medical War: British Military Medicine in the First World War(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 144."},{"key":"fn3","unstructured":"Throughout this article the terms \u201cinoculation\u201d and \u201cvaccine\u201d are used interchangeably. From a contextual perspective, until the later nineteenth century, \u201cvaccine\u201d referred only to the smallpox inoculation process; however, Louis Pasteur, in homage to Jenner\u2019s discovery, appropriated the term to include his antitoxin for rabies. As such, either term is frequently used in relation to the antityphoid vaccine. Howard Markel, \u201cThe Origin of the Word \u2018Vaccine,\u2019\u201dScience Friday,2 November 2015, https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/articles\/the-origin- of-the-word-vaccine (accessed 2 August 2018)."},{"key":"fn4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230293199","volume-title":"Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox","author":"Williams Gareth","year":"2010"},{"key":"fn5","first-page":"32","volume":"10","author":"Harrison Mark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Liverpool Medical History Society"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Edward P. Lowry,With the Guards\u2019 Brigade from Bloemfontein to Koomati Poort and Back(London: Horace Marshall & Son, 1902), 42."},{"key":"fn7","first-page":"237","author":"Williams","journal-title":"Angel of Death"},{"key":"fn8","first-page":"141","volume":"74","author":"Harrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Medical War,"},{"key":"fn9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrr041","volume":"68","author":"Bresalier Michael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"fn10","unstructured":"Bresalier, \u201cFighting \u2019Flu,\u201d 95."},{"key":"fn11","first-page":"5","journal-title":"The Times"},{"key":"fn12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-02-02-13","volume":"2","author":"Harrison W.S.","year":"1904","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"},{"key":"fn13","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 Bazin,Vaccinations: A History from Lady Montagu to Jenner and Genetic Engineering(Esher: John Libby Eurotext, 2011), 343."},{"key":"fn14","unstructured":"Harrison, \u201cEnteric Fever in War,\u201d 556."},{"key":"fn15","first-page":"144","author":"Harrison","journal-title":"Medical War,"},{"key":"fn16","first-page":"152","author":"Harrison","journal-title":"Medical War"},{"key":"fn17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, \u201cStraight Back to Barbarism,\u201d 265.","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2000.0073"},{"key":"fn18","volume-title":"British Regiments, 1914\u20131918, Digital Edition","author":"James Brig. E.A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"fn19","volume-title":"Kitchener\u2019s Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914\u201316, Electronic Edition","author":"Simkins Peter","year":"2007"},{"key":"fn20","unstructured":"Ilana R. Bet-El,Conscripts: Lost Legions of the Great War(Stroud: Sutton, 1999), 41."},{"key":"fn21","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Fighting Fit, 1914","author":"Curling Adam","year":"2014"},{"key":"fn22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0098858800011692","volume":"28","author":"Miller Ruth K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Law & Medicine"},{"key":"fn23","unstructured":"Miller, \u201cInformed Consent in the Military,\u201d 335."},{"key":"fn24","unstructured":"Spencer Jones,From Boer War to World War: Tactical Reform of the British Army, 1902\u20131914(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012), 40\u201344."},{"key":"fn25","first-page":"335","author":"Jones","journal-title":"From Boer War to World War"},{"key":"fn26","unstructured":"\u201cStagg, Leonard John (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 8764, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn27","unstructured":"IWM, Private Papers of S. Roberts, 17248, 159."},{"key":"fn28","unstructured":"\u201cCollins, William John (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 9434, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn29","unstructured":"\u201cDawson, Claude Augustus (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 8867, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn30","unstructured":"\u201cMitchell-Fox, Thomas (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 315, Reel 3."},{"key":"fn31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004333277_008","volume-title":"Medicine and Modern Warfare","author":"Harrison Mark","year":"1999"},{"key":"fn32","unstructured":"House of Commons Debate [HC Deb.], 17 November 1914, Vol. 68, Cols. 318\u201319."},{"key":"fn33","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 342\u201344."},{"key":"fn34","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 342\u201344."},{"key":"fn35","first-page":"5","journal-title":"The Times"},{"key":"fn36","unstructured":"\u201cResearch in War,\u201d 5."},{"key":"fn37","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Dismembering the Male: Men\u2019s Bodies, Britain, and the Great War","volume":"17","author":"Bourke Joanna","year":"1999"},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"J. Turner to his fianc\u00e9e, November 1916, IWM, Private Papers of J. Turner, 11756."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"\u201cHiggins, Frederick Charles (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 9884, Reel 3."},{"key":"fn40","first-page":"6","author":"Osler William","journal-title":"The Times"},{"key":"fn41","unstructured":"Hardy, \u201cStraight Back to Barbarism,\u201d 281."},{"key":"fn42","unstructured":"Hardy, 281."},{"key":"fn43","first-page":"12","year":"1916","journal-title":"The Times"},{"key":"fn44","first-page":"5","year":"1900","journal-title":"The Times"},{"key":"fn45","first-page":"63","volume":"7","author":"Harrison W.S.","year":"1906","journal-title":"JRAMC"},{"key":"fn46","first-page":"463","volume":"8","author":"Leishman William B.","year":"1907","journal-title":"JRAMC"},{"key":"fn47","unstructured":"Wellcome Archives, London, Diary of Lt. Palmer RAMC, RAMC\/ 459."},{"key":"fn48","unstructured":"Arthur Conan Doyle,The Great Boer War, Reprinted Edition,(1900; repr. London: IndyPublish, 2002), 341."},{"key":"fn49","unstructured":"William Corner,The Story of the 34thCompany (Middlesex) Imperial Yeomanry: From the Point of View of Private No. 6243(London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1902), 50\u201351."},{"key":"fn50","volume-title":"A Yeoman\u2019s Letters, Kindle Edition","author":"Ross P.T.","year":"1901"},{"key":"fn51","unstructured":"IWM, Private Papers of H. Blake, 12553, 76."},{"key":"fn52","unstructured":"IWM, Private Papers of E. Lawrence, 856."},{"key":"fn53","unstructured":"Private Papers of E. Lawrence, 856."},{"key":"fn54","unstructured":"William Lindsay to his parents, August 1915, IWM, Private Papers of W. Lindsay, 11756, 1."},{"key":"fn55","unstructured":"G.N. Holt to his mother, 1915, IWM, Private Papers of G.N. Holt, 7690, 1."},{"key":"fn56","unstructured":"J.T. Biggs,Leicester: Sanitation Versus Vaccination: Its Vital Statistics Compared with Those of Other Towns, The Army, Navy, Japan, and England and Wales(London: The Anti-Vaccination League, 1912), 631."},{"key":"fn57","unstructured":"Biggs, 631."},{"key":"fn58","unstructured":"Hardy, \u201cStraight Back to Barbarism,\u201d 280."},{"key":"fn59","unstructured":"HC Deb., 4 February 1915, Vol 69, Cols. 139\u201340."},{"key":"fn60","unstructured":"IWM, Private Papers of C.R. Keller, 11876, 57."},{"key":"fn61","unstructured":"\u201cKirk, William Richard (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 9178, Reel 8."},{"key":"fn62","unstructured":"\u201cMasefield, Jack Briscoe (Oral History),\u201d Reel 1."},{"key":"fn63","unstructured":"F. Watson to his mother, 1915, IWM, Private Papers of F. Watson, 17138."},{"key":"fn64","unstructured":"\u201cClarke, Walter Ernest (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 577, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn65","unstructured":"\u201cLindley, Frank (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 26873, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn66","unstructured":"HC Deb., 27 November 1914, Vol. 68, Cols. 1499\u2013500."},{"key":"fn67","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Cocaine: Global Histories","author":"Kohn Marek","year":"1999"},{"key":"fn68","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 341\u201346."},{"key":"fn69","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 341\u201346."},{"key":"fn70","unstructured":"HC Deb., 28 April 1915, Vol. 71, Cols. 728\u201329W."},{"key":"fn71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HC Deb., 2 November 1916, Vol. 86, Cols. 1854W.","DOI":"10.1002\/mmnd.48019160113"},{"key":"fn72","unstructured":"\u201cHorridge, George B. (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 7498, Reels 1\u20132."},{"key":"fn73","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \u201cHistory of Smallpox,\u201d https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/smallpox\/history\/history.html (accessed 2 August 2018)."},{"key":"fn74","unstructured":"\u201cClarkson, George Michael (Oral History),\u201d IWM SA, 679, Reel 1."},{"key":"fn75","unstructured":"\u201cClarkson, George Michael (Oral History),\u201d Reel 1."},{"key":"fn76","unstructured":"HC Deb., 9 February 1915, Vol. 69, Cols. 408\u2013540."},{"key":"fn77","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 341\u201346. The use of the phrase \u201cconscientious objector\u201d here relates to its original meaning, referring to those who legally refused smallpox vaccination after the enactment of the 1898 Smallpox Act."},{"key":"fn78","unstructured":"HC Deb., 7 January 1915, Vol. 18, Cols. 341\u201346."},{"key":"fn79","unstructured":"HC Deb., 4 February 1915, Vol. 69, Cols. 139\u201340."},{"key":"fn80","unstructured":"HC Deb., 4 February 1915, Vol. 69, Cols. 139\u201340."},{"key":"fn81","author":"Bourke","journal-title":"Dismembering the Male"}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.280-082018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T02:07:58Z","timestamp":1721095678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.280-082018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.280-082018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.280-082018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0823-2105","type":"print"},{"value":"2371-0179","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}}}