{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:14:56Z","timestamp":1773087296052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper uses the history of kidney transplantation in South Africa as a lens through which to write a racialized, micro history that illustrates the politics of medical discoveries and medical research at one of South Africa\u2019s most prestigious medical research universities, the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg. Between 1966 and the 1980s, the Wits team became the most advanced and prolific kidney transplant unit in the country. Yet the racist, oppressive Apartheid system fundamentally shaped these developments. Transplantation, as this paper shows, became an elite medical procedure, performed by a select group of white doctors on mostly white patients. For these doctors, transplantation showed their medical prowess and displayed the technical advancements they were able to make in research and clinical practice as they strove to position South Africa as a significant international player in medical research, despite academic boycotts and increasing sanctions. Transplantation became a symbol of white supremacy in a country where the black majority were excluded from anything but the most basic health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.376-072019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T23:40:35Z","timestamp":1598053235000},"page":"461-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Race, Kidney Transplants, Immunosuppression Research, and White Supremacy under Apartheid, 1960\u201380"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Simonne","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simonne Horwitz \u2013 Department of History, University of Saskatchewan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"fn1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See James-Brent Styan,Heartbreaker: Christiaan Barnard and the First Heart Transplantation(Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2017); Johan G. Brink and David K.C. Cooper, \u201cHeart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town\/Groote Schuur Hospital,\u201dWorld Journal of Surgery29 (2005): 953\u201361; David K.C. Cooper, \u201cChristiaan Barnard and His Contributions to Heart Transplantation,\u201dJournal of Heart and Lung Transplantation20 (2001): 599\u2013610.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0154-2"},{"key":"fn2","unstructured":"Nomenclature indicating race in South Africa is a complicated and sensitive issue. In this paper I use the racial categories determined by the parameters of the 1950 Population Registration Act, which divided the population into white, black, and coloured (mixed race). The latter contained subgroups, of which Indian was one. Over the course of the Apartheid period, the use of the termblackchanged. In this paper I useblackto refer to black Africans rather than the way in which the anti-apartheid movements used \u201cblack\u201d to refer to all people of colour."},{"key":"fn3","unstructured":"Laurel Baldwin-Ragaven, Jeanelle de Gruchy, and Leslie London,An Ambulance of the Wrong Colour: Health Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa(Cape Town, 1999). On international coverage of such issues, see Maya Overby Koretzky, \u201c\u2018A Change of Heart\u2019: Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press,\u201dSocial History of Medicine30 (2017): 408\u201328."},{"key":"fn4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marina Joubert, \u201c1967: Reflections on the First Human Heart Transplant and Its Impact on Medicine, Media and Society,\u201dPublic Understanding of Science27 (2018): 110\u201314; William C. DeVries, \u201cThe Physician, the Media, and the \u2018Spectacular\u2019 Case,\u201dJournal of the American Medical Association259 (1988): 886\u201390; Chris Logan,Celebrity Surgeon: Christiaan Barnard: A Life(Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2003).","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662517738619"},{"key":"fn5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayesha Nathoo, \u201cManaging Medicine\u2019s Image in the \u2018Time of the Heart Transplants,\u2019\u201d inHearts Exposed: Transplants and the Media in 1960s Britain(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 147\u201381.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230234703_7"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Nathoo, \u201cManaging Medicine\u2019s Image.\u201d"},{"key":"fn7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Hamilton,A History of Organ Transplantation: Ancient Legends to Modern Practice(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt5hjpn3"},{"key":"fn8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Schlich,The Origins of Organ Transplantation: Surgery and Laboratory Science, 1880\u20131930(Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2010).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781580467674"},{"key":"fn9","unstructured":"David N. Livingstone,Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 16."},{"key":"fn10","unstructured":"Livingstone,Putting Science in Its Place."},{"key":"fn11","unstructured":"Livingstone, 87\u2013135."},{"key":"fn12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johann Mouton, \u201cThe Internationalization of South African Social Science,\u201d in Michael Kuhn and Doris Weidemann, eds.Internationalization of the Social Sciences: Asia, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, Eurasia(Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2010), 237\u201364, 237\u201339.","DOI":"10.14361\/9783839413074-011"},{"key":"fn13","unstructured":"It was only in the late 1980s that the United Nations passed a formal resolution: UN General Assembly, Resolution A\/RES\/35\/206E, \u201cCultural, Academic and Other Boycotts of South Africa\u201d (16 December 1980)."},{"key":"fn14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon R. Benatar, \u201cAn Alternative to Academic Boycott,\u201dNature343 (1990): 505\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1038\/343505a0"},{"key":"fn15","unstructured":"Schlich,The Origins of Organ Transplantation."},{"key":"fn16","unstructured":"Rene (Dokkie) Botha, interview by author, 4 March 2016, Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre."},{"key":"fn17","unstructured":"William S. Stoney,Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008); Harris B. Shumacker.The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Shelley McKellar,Surgical Limits: The Life of Gordon Murray(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003); Shelley McKellar, \u201cA History of Surgery: From Superstition to Science,\u201dCanadian Medical Association Journal182 (2010): 809."},{"key":"fn18","unstructured":"June Fabian, discussion with author, 20 June 2017; Brian Anderson, interview by author, 14 May 2016, Donald Gordon Dialysis Unit."},{"key":"fn19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hassoulas, \u201cTransplantation of the Heart: An Overview of 40 Years\u2019 Clinical and Research Experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town,\u201dSouth African Medical Journal102 (2012): 347\u201349.","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.5021"},{"key":"fn20","unstructured":"Hassoulas, \u201cTransplantation of the Heart.\u201d Of these ten patients, four lived for more than eighteen months and two were long-term survivors."},{"key":"fn21","unstructured":"A.M. Meyerset al., \u201cAn Historical Overview of the Treatment of End Stage Renal Failure in South Africa,\u201d unpublished manuscript, n.d., 5. The data used in this paper goes up to 1980, so it was likely written in the early 1980s. The paper was given to me by Professor Meyers, copy in my possession."},{"key":"fn22","unstructured":"K.I. Furman, \u201cHaemodialysis and Transplantation Facilities in South Africa,\u201dSouth African Medical Journal48 (1974): 748\u201350."},{"key":"fn23","unstructured":"Furman, \u201dHaemodialysis and Transplantation Facilities,\u201d 749."},{"key":"fn24","unstructured":"Meyerset al., \u201cAn Historical Overview.\u201d"},{"key":"fn25","unstructured":"Rene (Dokkie) Botha, interview."},{"key":"fn26","unstructured":"Tony Meyers, interview by author, 16 March 2016, Donald Gordon Renal Unit."},{"key":"fn27","unstructured":"Tony Meyers, interview; Meyerset al., \u201cAn Historical Overview.\u201d"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn28.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.J. Pitcher et al., \"Pediatric Renal Transplantation in a South African Teaching Hospital: A 20-Year Perspective,\" Pediatric Transplantation 10 (2006): 441-48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00489.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn28.2","unstructured":"Bernard Lytton, \"The Early History of Kidney Transplantation at Yale (1967-1985): A Personal Memoir,\" Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 78 (2005): 171-82."},{"key":"fn29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harriet R. Etheredge, Roseanne E. Turner, and Delawir Kahn, \u201cAttitudes to Organ Donation among Some Urban South African Populations Remain Unchanged: A Cross-Sectional Study (1993\u20132013),\u201dSouth African Medical Journal104 (2014): 133\u201337.","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7519"},{"key":"fn30","unstructured":"E. Muller, \u201cOrgan Donation and Transplantation in South Africa \u2013 an Update,\u201dContinuing Medical Education31 (2013): 220\u201322."},{"key":"fn31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.H. Dirks and N.W. Levin, \u201cDialysis Rationing in South Africa: A Global Message,\u201dKidney International70 (2006): 982\u201384.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001798"},{"key":"fn32","unstructured":"Boeris the Afrikaans word forfarmerorone who works the land."},{"key":"fn33","unstructured":"Apartheidis the Afrikaans word forseparateorapart."},{"key":"fn34","unstructured":"J. Browde, P. Mokhoba, and E. Jassat,University of the Witwatersrand Health Sciences Faculty Internal Reconciliation Report(Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1998)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn35.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anne Digby, \"Early Black Doctors in South Africa,\" Journal of African History 46 (2005): 427-54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853705000836"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn35.2","unstructured":"Vanessa Noble, A School of Struggle: Durban's Medical School and the Education of Black Doctors in South Africa (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2013), 1-2, 21."},{"key":"fn36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Alfred Haynes and Arthur B. Lee, \u201cMedunsa and the Training of Black Doctors for South Africa,\u201dAcademic Medicine70 (1995): 115\u201321.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199502000-00014"},{"key":"fn37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonne Horwitz,Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto: A History of Medical Care, 1941\u20131990(Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2013).","DOI":"10.18772\/12013097472"},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"Horwitz,Baragwanath Hospital, 67."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"Gus Gecelter, interview by author, May 2016, Parklane Clinic."},{"key":"fn40","unstructured":"Life history from Myburgh\u2019s personal papers given to me by his second wife, Marie-Lou Myburgh."},{"key":"fn41","unstructured":"Gus Gecelter, interview."},{"key":"fn42","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview by author, 21 June 2016, Rooi Els, Cape Province."},{"key":"fn43","unstructured":"J.A. Myburgh, curriculum vitae, 1995, unpublished manuscript, in author\u2019s possession."},{"key":"fn44","unstructured":"J.A. Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental Organ Transplantation(Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1969). Following the British academic system, when academics in South Africa are promoted to full professor, they deliver an inaugural public lecture on their research. These lectures are usually published by the university."},{"key":"fn45","unstructured":"Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental, 1."},{"key":"fn46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas E. Starzl,The Puzzle People: Memoirs of a Transplant Surgeon(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), 150\u201351.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt9qh63b"},{"key":"fn47","unstructured":"Starzl,The Puzzle People, 151."},{"key":"fn48","unstructured":"Gus Gecelter, interview; Starzl,The Puzzle People, 151."},{"key":"fn49","unstructured":"Meyerset al., \u201cAn Historical Overview.\u201d"},{"key":"fn50","unstructured":"Peter Cleaton-Jones, interview by author, 23 May 2016, Phillip V. Tobias Health Science Building, Wits, Johannesburg."},{"key":"fn51","unstructured":"Cited in Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental, 1."},{"key":"fn52","unstructured":"Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental, 6."},{"key":"fn53","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview; this research appeared as J.A. Myburgh and J.A. Smit, \u201cEnhancement and Antigen Suicide in the Outbred Primate,\u201dTransplantation Proceedings5 (1973): 597\u2013600."},{"key":"fn54","unstructured":"Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental, 3."},{"key":"fn55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slavin, from the Hadassah Medical Centre in Jerusalem, Israel, and Stober, from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the USA, did write on TLI in mice. However, the earliest article I could find was S. Slavinet al., \u201cLong-Term Survival of Skin Allografts in Mice Treated with Fractionated Total Lymphoid Irradiation,\u201dScience193 (1976): 1252\u201354.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.785599"},{"key":"fn56","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn57","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn58","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn59","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn60","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn61","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview; Marie-Louise Myburgh, personal email communication with author, 8 March 2018; J.A. Myburgh,Major Benefactions to the Department of Surgery University of the Witwatersrand, unpublished manuscript, in author\u2019s possession, 2002."},{"key":"fn62","unstructured":"Marie-Louise Myburgh, personal email communication with author, 6 March 2018."},{"key":"fn63","unstructured":"Myburgh,Major Benefactions."},{"key":"fn64","unstructured":"Cited in Michele Pickover, \u201cClosed Doors, Cloaks and Daggers: Vivisection in South Africa,\u201d chap. 4 inThe Environmental Movement in South Africa: An Analysis of Animal-Based Issues, Campaigns and Organisations(Durban: Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2003), 27\u201328."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn65.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See J.A. Myburgh et al., \"Hyperacute Rejection in Human Kidney Allografts: Schwartzman or Arthus Reaction?\" New England Journal of Medicine 281 (1969): 131-35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196907172810305"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn65.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.A. Myburgh et al., \"Tissue Typing, Antilymphocyte Globulin and Rophylactic Graft Irradiation in Cadaver Kidney Transplantation,\" British Medical Journal 3 (1970): 670-72","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5724.670"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn65.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.A. Myburgh and J.A. Smit, \"Tolerance\/Enhancement in the Baboon Liver Allograft Model,\" Behr Institute Mitteilungen 51 (1972): 225-27","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-197208000-00013"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn65.4","unstructured":"R.D. Neirinckx, J.A. Myburgh, and J.A. Smit, \"Labelling of Lymphocytes With 211 At and Its Application in Transplantation,\" in Radiopharmaceuticals and Labelled Compounds: Proceedings of a Symposium, Copenhagen, 26-30 March 1973, Organized by the IAEA and WHO, vol. 2 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1973), 171-80."},{"key":"fn66","unstructured":"Marie-Louise Myburgh, personal email communication, 6 March 2018; Myburgh,Clinical and Experimental, 12."},{"key":"fn67","unstructured":"\u201cBaboons in Organ Transplantation Research,\u201d supplement,South African Medical Journal(1968)."},{"key":"fn68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saul Dubow,A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa 1820\u20132000(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199296637.001.0001"},{"key":"fn69","unstructured":"Waltraud Ernst and Bernard Harris, eds.Race, Science and Medicine, 1700\u20131960(London: Routledge, 2002); Suman Seth,Difference and Disease: Medicine, Race, and the Eighteenth-Century British Empire(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018); Keith Wailoo,Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014); Harriet A. Washington,Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present(New York: Doubleday, 2006). In the South African context, see Susanne M. Klausen,Abortion under Apartheid: Nationalism, Sexuality and Women\u2019s Reproductive Rights in South Africa(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Noble,A School of Struggle."},{"key":"fn70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anne Pollock,Medicating Race: Heart Disease and Durable Preoccupations with Difference(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822395782"},{"key":"fn71","unstructured":"Pollock,Medicating Race, 1."},{"key":"fn72","unstructured":"Gus Gecelter, interview."},{"key":"fn73","unstructured":"Digby, \u201cEarly Black Doctors in South Africa\u201d; Noble,A School of Struggle."},{"key":"fn74","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview by author, 30 May 2016, Parkhurst, Johannesburg."},{"key":"fn75","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview."},{"key":"fn76","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview."},{"key":"fn77","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview."},{"key":"fn78","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview."},{"key":"fn79","unstructured":"Haroon Tayob, interview."},{"key":"fn80","unstructured":"Paul Henry Porteous, interview by author, 10 June 2016, Olivedale, Randburg, Johannesburg."},{"key":"fn81","unstructured":"Clive Gold, Skype interview by author, 8 June 2017."},{"key":"fn82","unstructured":"Tony Meyers, interview."},{"key":"fn83","unstructured":"Louise (Lou) Aucamp, unrecorded interview by author, 24 February 2016, Donald Gordon Transplant Unit."},{"key":"fn84","unstructured":"Paul Henry Porteous interview."},{"key":"fn85","unstructured":"Louise (Lou) Aucamp, interview."},{"key":"fn86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraladevi Naicker, \u201cPatterns of Renal Disease in South Africa,\u201dNephrology4 (1998): S21\u2013S24; Furman, \u201cHaemodialysis and Transplantation Facilities,\u201d 748.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.1998.tb00466.x"},{"key":"fn87","unstructured":"Tony Meyers, interview by author, 16 March 2016, Donald Gordon Renal Unit."},{"key":"fn88","unstructured":"Shula Marks and Neil Andersson, \u201cIssues in the Political Economy of Health in Southern Africa,\u201dJournal of Southern African Studies13 (1987): 177\u201386; Randall M. Packard,White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Cedric de Beer,The South African Disease(London: Catholic Institute for International Relations: 1986); Francis Wilson and Mamphela Ramphele,Uprooting Poverty: The South African Challenge(Cape Town: New Africa Books, 1989), chap. 5; Neil Andersson and Shula Marks, \u201cApartheid and Health in the 1980s,\u201dSocial Science & Medicine27 (1988): 667\u201381."},{"key":"fn89","unstructured":"Christa Kuljian,Darwin\u2019s Hunch: Science, Race and the Search for Human Origins(Auckland Park: Jacana, 2017)."},{"key":"fn90","unstructured":"Megan Vaughan,Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991)."},{"key":"fn91","unstructured":"Packard,White Plague, Black Labor."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn92.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cf. B.R. Bhengu and H.H.M. Uys, \"Organ Donation and Transplantation within the Zulu Culture,\" Curationis 27 (2004): 24-33","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v27i3.995"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn92.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Kometsi and J. Louw, \"Deciding on Cadaveric Organ Donation in Black African Families,\" Clinical Transplantation 13 (1999): 473-78","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.1999.130606.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn92.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.R. Ndlovu, A. Kobryn, and M.C.M. Modiba, \"Attitudes of Black South Africans Concerning Organ Donation,\" Journal of Transplant Coordination 8 (1998): 241-42.","DOI":"10.7182\/prtr.1.8.4.k310u6n837433540"},{"key":"fn93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julie Parle and Vanessa Noble, \u201cNew Directions and Challenges in Histories of Health, Healing and Medicine in South Africa,\u201dMedical History58 (2014): 147\u201348.","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2014.1"},{"key":"fn94","unstructured":"David Baronov,The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010); Karen E. Flint,Healing Traditions: African Medicine, Cultural Exchange, and Competition in South Africa, 1820\u20131948(Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008); Klausen,Abortion under Apartheid."},{"key":"fn95","unstructured":"Etheredge, Turner, and Kahn. \u201cAttitudes to Organ Donation\u201d; Harriet Roseanne Etheredge, \u201c\u2018Hey Sister! Where\u2019s My Kidney?\u2019 Exploring Ethics and Communication in Organ Transplantation in Gauteng, South Africa,\u201d PhD thesis, Wits University, 2015."},{"key":"fn96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rene (Dokkie) Botha, interview; Tony Meyers, interview. A\u00a0number of black nurses spoke about how white doctors made these assumptions: Rosalind Maloi, interview with author, 14 July 2017, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital; Aloma Matsie Pooe, interview with author, 12 May 2016, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. Racial and cultural impacts on the choices surrounding organ donation are explored in work such as Bhengu and Uys, \u201cOrgan Donation and Transplantation\u201d; Kometsi and Louw, \u201cDeciding on Cadaveric Organ Donation\u201d; S. Mokotedi, M.C.M. Modiba, and S.R. Ndlovu, \u201cAttitudes of Black South Africans to Living Related Kidney Transplantation,\u201dTransplantation Proceedings36 (2004): 1896\u201397; Ndlovu, Kobryn, and Modiba, \u201cAttitudes of Black South Africans.\u201d","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.06.043"},{"key":"fn97","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn98","unstructured":"Smit remembers it being Marake who could finish operations, while other sources, including a citation in the Wits jubilee awards program, credit Nemudzivhadi with this skill."},{"key":"fn99","unstructured":"Koos Smit, interview."},{"key":"fn100","unstructured":"Cited in Pickover, \u201cClosed Doors, Cloaks and Daggers,\u201d 27\u201328."},{"key":"fn101","unstructured":"J.A. Myburghet al., \u201cThe Technique of Orthotopic Hepatic Allotransplantation in the Baboon,\u201dSouth African Journal of Surgery9 (1971): 81\u201386."},{"key":"fn102","unstructured":"Booklet published for the seventy-fifth jubilee awards celebration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 30 August 1997."},{"key":"fn103","unstructured":"Rene (Dokkie) Botha, interview."}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.376-072019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T09:24:52Z","timestamp":1723454692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.376-072019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.376-072019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.376-072019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0823-2105","type":"print"},{"value":"2371-0179","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}}}