{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T09:40:18Z","timestamp":1723455618338},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As new government health policy was created and implemented in the late 1910s and the late 1960s, women patients and health practitioners recognized gaps in the new health services and worked together to create better programs. This article brings the histories of the district nursing program (1919\u201343) and local birth control centres (1970\u201379) together to recognize women\u2019s health provision (as trained nurses or lay practitioners) as community-based and collaborative endeavours in the province of Alberta. The district nursing and birth control centre programs operated under different health policies, were influenced by different feminisms, and were situated in different Indigenous-settler relations. But the two programs, occurring half a century apart, provided space for health workers and their patients to implement change at a community level. Health practitioners in the early and late twentieth century took women\u2019s experiential knowledge seriously, and, therefore, these communities formed a new field of women\u2019s health expertise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.385-082019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T23:40:35Z","timestamp":1598053235000},"page":"427-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building Community and Transforming Knowledge: Histories of Women\u2019s Health Practitioners and Community-Based Health Services in 20<sup>th<\/sup>-Century Alberta, Canada"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Karissa R.","family":"Patton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karissa R. Patton \u2013 Department of History, University of Saskatchewan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily B.","family":"Kaliel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emily B. Kaliel \u2013 Department of History, University of Guelph"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"fn1","unstructured":"Untitled document, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta [GA], Kate Shaw Brighty Colley fonds, M-4872-3, 1\u201313."},{"key":"fn2","unstructured":"Martha Weir, Gunilla Mungan, Elie Silverman, Linda Morrill, Gloria Prescott, Heather Travers, Arlene McLaren, Vera Walsh, Maureen Stirling, Vern Price, Cathy Hankins, Carolyn Knox, and Ann Nicholson were the 13 women who established the CAIC in 1970. See \u201cOrigins of the CBCA,\u201d in \u201cEvaluation of the CBCA \u2013 In-House Evaluation Project, 1979\u20131980,\u201d GA, Calgary Birth Control Association Collection [CBCA Collection], M-7265-122; rough draft of address about the CBCA in \u201cNotebook Kept by Martha Weir,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-12."},{"key":"fn3","unstructured":"\u201cNotebook Kept by Martha Weir\u201d; \u201cOrigins of the CBCA.\u201d"},{"key":"fn4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cynthia R. Comacchio,\u201cNations Are Built of Babies\u201d: Saving Ontario\u2019s Mothers and Children, 1900\u20131940(Montreal: McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press, 1993), 5.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773563889"},{"key":"fn5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judy Rebick, \u201cThe Women Are Coming: The Abortion Caravan,\u201d chap. 3 inTen Thousand Roses: The Making of a Feminist Revolution(Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2005); Shannon Stettner, \u201c\u2018We Are Forced to Declare War\u2019: Linkages between the 1970 Abortion Caravan and Women\u2019s Anti-Vietnam War Activism,\u201dHistoire sociale\/Social History46 (2013): 423\u201341; Christabelle Sethna and Steve Hewitt, \u201cClandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women\u2019s Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP,\u201dCanadian Historical Review90 (2009): 463\u201396.","DOI":"10.1353\/his.2013.0054"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Communities across Alberta published these texts in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s as communities and families commemorated their respective founding anniversaries."},{"key":"fn7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beth Palmer, \u201c\u2018Lonely, Tragic, but Legally Necessary Pilgrimages\u2019: Transnational Abortion Travel in the 1970s,\u201dCanadian Historical Review92 (2011): 637\u201364.","DOI":"10.3138\/chr.92.4.637"},{"key":"fn8","unstructured":"Meryn Stuart, \u201cIdeology and Experience: Public Health Nursing and the Ontario Rural Child Welfare Project, 1920\u201325,\u201dCanadian Bulletin of Medical History\/Bulletin canadien d\u2019histoire m\u00e9decine[CBMH\/BCHM] 6 (1989): 111\u201331; Sharon Richardson, \u201cPolitical Women, Professional Nurses, and the Creation of Alberta\u2019s District Nursing Service, 1919-1925,\u201dNursing History Review6 (1998): 25\u201350; Jayne Elliott, Meryn Stuart, and Cynthia Toman, eds.Place and Practice in Canadian Nursing History(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008); Myra Rutherdale, ed.Caregiving on the Periphery: Historical Perspectives on Nursing and Midwifery in Canada(Montreal: McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press, 2010); Palmer, \u201cTransnational Abortion Travel\u201d; Christabelle Sethna, Beth Palmer, Katrina Ackerman, and Nancy Janovicek, \u201cChoice, Interrupted: Travel and Inequality of Access to Abortion Services since the 1960s,\u201dLabour\/Le Travail71 (2013): 29\u201348; Shannon Stettner, Katrina Ackerman, Kristin Burnett, and Travis Hay, eds.Transcending Borders: Abortion in the Past and Present(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017); Shannon Stettner, Kristin Burnett, and Travis Hay, eds.Abortion: History, Politics, and Reproductive Justice after Morgentaler(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2017); Katrina Ackerman and Shannon Stettner, \u201c\u2018The Public Is Not Ready for This\u2019: 1969 and the Long Road to Abortion Access,\u201dCanadian Historical Review100 (2019): 239\u201356; Erika Dyck, \u201cSterilization and Birth Control in the Shadow of Eugenics: Married, Middle-Class Women in Alberta, 1930\u20131960s,\u201dCBMH\/BCHM31 (2014): 165\u201387."},{"key":"fn9","unstructured":"Susan L. Smith,Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Black Women\u2019s Health Activism in America, 1890\u20131950(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995); Shannon Stettner, \u201c\u2018He Is Still Unwanted\u2019: Women\u2019s Assertions of Authority over Abortion in Letters to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada,\u201dCBMH\/BCHM29 (2012): 151\u201371; Chris Bobel, \u201c\u2018I\u2019m Not an Activist, Though I\u2019ve Done a Lot of It\u2019: Doing Activism, Being Activist and the \u2018Perfect Standard\u2019 in a Contemporary Movement,\u201dSocial Movement Studies6 (2007): 147\u201359; Lianne McTavish, \u201cAbortion in New Brunswick,\u201dAcadiensis44 (2015): 107\u201330; Sethnaet al., \u201cChoice, Interrupted\u201d; Palmer, \u201cTransnational Abortion Travel\u201d; Dyck, \u201cSterilization and Birth Control.\u201d"},{"key":"fn10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A group of Canadian women activists known as the \u201cFamous Five\u201d fought for women\u2019s legal rights and suffrage in Canada. Thus, their legacy remains complicated by their early twentieth-century feminism steeped in colonial and eugenics-based white supremacy. For a more detailed and nuanced discussion of suffrage, temperance, maternal feminism, eugenic feminism, and agrarian feminism in the early twentieth century, see, for example, Sheila Gibbons, \u201c\u2018Our Power to Remodel Civilization\u2019: The Development of Eugenic Feminism in Alberta, 1909\u20131921,\u201dCBMH\/BCHM31 (2014): 123\u201342, 129.","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.31.1.123"},{"key":"fn11","unstructured":"For a more detailed and nuanced discussion of the women\u2019s movement, women\u2019s liberation, reproductive rights, and \u201csecond-wave\u201d feminism, see Nancy Adamson, \u201cFeminists, Libbers, Lefties, and Radicals: The Emergence of the Women\u2019s Liberation Movement,\u201d in Joy Parr, ed.A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945\u20131980(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 252\u201380."},{"key":"fn12","unstructured":"Palmer, \u201cTransnational Abortion Travel,\u201d 663."},{"key":"fn13","unstructured":"Dyck, \u201cSterilization and Birth Control.\u201d"},{"key":"fn14","unstructured":"Katherine Arnup,Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 19."},{"key":"fn15","unstructured":"David Bright, \u201c1919: A Year of Extraordinary Difficulty,\u201d in Michael Payne, Donald Wetherell, and Catherine Cavanaugh, eds.Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed(Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2006), 2:413\u201341, 419."},{"key":"fn16","unstructured":"Paul Stanway,Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic History of the Province, vol. 13,The Albertans: From Settlement to Super Province, 1905\u20132005(Edmonton, AB: CanMedia, 2005), 146."},{"key":"fn17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rima D. Apple, \u201cConstructing Mothers: Scientific Motherhood in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,\u201dSocial History of Medicine8 (1995): 161\u201378, 161.","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/8.2.161"},{"key":"fn18","unstructured":"Bow and Cook, \u201cDepartment of Public Health,\u201d 2. For evidence of women organizing to secure a district nurse in their communities, see Vi Willde, \u201cDistrict Nurses,\u201d in Wallace Tansem, ed.Grooming the Grizzly: A History of Wanham and Area(Winnipeg: Inter-Collegiate Press, 1982), 110\u201312, 110; \u201cHistory of Public Health in Alberta, 1909\u20131979,\u201d opening remarks given at the CPHA convention, 1979, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta [PAA], PR 2017.0642, Box 37, 9\u201310; \u201cMrs. L. McKinney Attends Luncheon of Alberta W. I.\u201d GA, M-4872-28, 16."},{"key":"fn19","unstructured":"Annual Report of the Public Health Nursing Branch, Province of Alberta(Edmonton, AB: printed by J.W. Jefferey, 1921), 47."},{"key":"fn20","unstructured":"Tony Cashman,Heritage of Service: The History of Nursing in Alberta(Edmonton: Alberta Association of Registered Nurses, 1966), 203."},{"key":"fn21","unstructured":"For example, see Irene Stewart, ed.These Were Our Yesterdays: A History of District Nursing in Alberta(Calgary: Friesen Printers, 1979), 128; Mrs. Art Ramsfield, \u201cThe Wanham Progressive Club,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 127\u201328, 128; \u201cThe Conroy Club,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement(Buck Lake, AB: Friesen Printers, 1981), 115; Goldie Anderson, \u201cMinnehik Ladies Friendly Circle,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 116\u201317, 116; \u201cWilliam Goodkey,\u201d inTrail Blazers(Winfield, AB: L & W Printing, 1971), 157\u201359, 157."},{"key":"fn22","unstructured":"For example, see Alvine Cyr Gahagan,Yes Father: Pioneer Nursing in Alberta(Manchester, NH: Hammer, 1979), 78; Amy V. Wilson,No Man Stands Alone(Sidney, BC: Gray\u2019s, 1969), 22; Helen Harrington, \u201cExperiences of My Time as Wanham Nurse,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 115\u201318, 116."},{"key":"fn23","unstructured":"Public Health Nursing in Alberta (Manual), [1920s], PAA, GR 1985.16, Box 1, File 1, 1."},{"key":"fn24","unstructured":"Mary Conlin, reminiscences of her time as a district nurse, PAA, PR 1970.19, SE Sterritt, W.R. fonds, 5A."},{"key":"fn25","unstructured":"For example, see Mary Willis to Kate Brighty, 17 April 1942, GA, M-4745, File 60, 1; Bow and Cook, \u201cDepartment of Public Health,\u201d 10\u201311."},{"key":"fn26","unstructured":"The program fundamentally changed after 1943, when district nurses received special training in obstetrics through a course at the University of Alberta and the centralization of medicine and nurses\u2019 experience began. The district nursing program remained in operation until 1951, when the designation of districts became health units. Some consider this to be the end of the district nursing program, but annual District Nursing Service reports continued until the position of director of public health nursing ceased to exist in 1976: Stewart,These Were Our Yesterdays, 289. Mrs. J.T. Hefferman (Genevieve de Tuberville), \u201cReminiscences,\u201d inBrick\u2019s Hill, Berwyn and Beyond: A History of Berwyn and District(Edmonton, AB: Berwyn Centennial Committee, [1968]), 34\u201335, 35."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn27.1","unstructured":"Elise A. Corbet, Frontiers of Medicine: A History of Medical Education and Research at the University of Alberta (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1990), 62, 149"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn27.2","unstructured":"see also David Gagan and Rosemary Gagan, For Patients of Moderate Means: A Social History of the Voluntary Public General Hospital in Canada, 1890-1950 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002)."},{"key":"fn28","unstructured":"James Daschuk,Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life(Regina: University of Regina Press, 2014); Maureen K. Lux,Medicine That Walks: Disease, Medicine, and Canadian Plains Native People, 1880\u20131940(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001); Erika Dyck,Facing Eugenics: Reproduction, Sterilization, and the Politics of Choice(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013)."},{"key":"fn29","unstructured":"Dyck,Facing Eugenics, 3\u20134."},{"key":"fn30","unstructured":"Raven Sinclair (\u00d3tiskew\u00e1p\u00edwskew), Michael Anthony Hart (Kaskit\u00e9mahikan), and Gord Bruyere (Amawaajbitang),W\u00edcihitowin: Aboriginal Social Work in Canada(Halifax: Fernwood, 2009); Suzanne Fournier and Ernie Crey,Stolen from Our Embrace: The Abduction of First Nations Children and the Restoration of Aboriginal Communities(Vancouver: Douglas & MacIntyre, 1997); Alyson Stevenson, \u201cIntimate Integration: A Study of Transracial Adoption in Saskatchewan, 1944\u20131984,\u201d PhD thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2015."},{"key":"fn31","unstructured":"Elaine Tyler May,America and the Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation(New York: Basic Books, 2010), 25; Laura Briggs,Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)."},{"key":"fn32","unstructured":"Margrit Eichler, \u201cGrasping the Ungraspable: Socio-legal Definitions of the Family in the Context of Sexuality,\u201dTransactions of the Royal Society of Canada3 (1992): 3\u201315."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn33.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christabelle Sethna, \"The University of Toronto Health Service, Oral Contraception, and Student Demand for Birth Control, 1960-1970,\" Historical Studies in Education\/Revue d'histoire de l'\u00e9ducation 17 (2005): 265-92","DOI":"10.32316\/hse\/rhe.v17i2.79"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn33.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christabelle Sethna, \"The Evolution of the Birth Control Handbook: From Student Peer-Education Manual to Feminist Self-Empowerment Text, 1968-1975,\" CBMH\/BCHM 23 (2006): 89-117.","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.23.1.89"},{"key":"fn34","unstructured":"Judy Burgess, interview with Karissa Patton, 9 October 2014, transcript, in \u201cOral History Project: Students\u2019 Reproductive Rights Activism in Southern Alberta during the 1960s and 1970s,\u201d Galt Museum and Archives, Lethbridge, Alberta [GMA], 20171019."},{"key":"fn35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisa Passoli, \u201cChild Care and Feminism in Canada,\u201d in Glenda Tibe Bonifacio, ed.Global Currents in Gender and Feminisms: Canadian and International Perspectives(Bingley: Emerald, 2017), 129\u201340; Royal Commission on the Status of Women,The Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada([Ottawa]: Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 1970), ix.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78714-483-520171011"},{"key":"fn36","unstructured":"The new legislation in 1969 made abortion legal upon the approval of a Therapeutic Abortion Committee made up of at least three doctors or psychiatrists at accredited hospitals. It was not until 1988 that Canadian women gained the legal right to decide about their own abortions. For more information, see Shannon Stettner, \u201cWomen and Abortion in English Canada: Public Debates and Political Participation, 1959\u201370,\u201d PhD thesis, York University, 2011; Dyck,Facing Eugenics, 4."},{"key":"fn37","unstructured":"Mary Jane Logan McCallum and Adele Perry,Structures of Indifference: An Indigenous Life and Death in a Canadian City(Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2018); Maureen K. Lux,Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s\u20131980s(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016)."},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"Paul Brunner, ed.Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic History of the Province, vol. 11,Lougheed and the War with Ottawa, ed. Ted Byfield (Edmonton: United Western Communications, 2002),vi."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"CBCA Newsletter, 17 July 1971, in \u201cNewsletters 1971\u20131974,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-240."},{"key":"fn40","unstructured":"\u201cQuestionnaire Samples,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-334; \u201cQuestionnaire Completed Clients 1976,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-336; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Clients 1977\u20131978,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-337; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Physicians [ca.1972],\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-338; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Physicians 1972,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-339; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Physicians 1978\u20131979,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-343; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Volunteers 1975-1967,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-345; \u201cQuestionnaires Completed Volunteers 1978,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-346; \u201cQuestionnaire \u2013 Sexual Attitudes\u201d and a questionnaire for prenatal classes at LBCIC, both in \u201cLethbridge Birth Control and Information Centre, 1973\u20131975,\u201d GMA, 20171104."},{"key":"fn41","unstructured":"\u201cDescription of CBCA Birth Control Education,\u201d in \u201cEducation Outreach, 1968\u20131973,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-99, 1."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn42.1","unstructured":"A. Miron, \"Gynecology off Our Backs,\" The Meliorist, 8 March 1974, 4-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn42.2","unstructured":"\"Going to the Gynecologist is a Pain in the \u2026,\" The Gauntlet, 8 March 1977, 10."},{"key":"fn43","unstructured":"\u201cWednesday Night Presentations,\u201dUp, 5 November 1974, 1."},{"key":"fn44","unstructured":"Stewart,These Were Our Yesterdays, 210."},{"key":"fn45","unstructured":"Gahagan,Yes Father, 89."},{"key":"fn46","unstructured":"Conlin, reminiscences of her time as a district nurse, 5A."},{"key":"fn47","unstructured":"Janet Fraser Reynolds, untitled section, in Stewart,These Were Our Yesterdays, 137\u201343, 138; Marion Dommer, \u201cHousehold Science in the 20\u2019s,\u201d inLake Saskatoon Reflections: A Local History of the Lake Saskatoon District(Sexsmith, AB: Lake Saskatoon History Book Committee, 1980), 70\u201372, 72; Frieda Lundgard, \u201cThe Snow Melter,\u201d inOur Bend in the Peace: The Story of Royce and Lubeck(Hines Creek, AB: Lubeck Merrymakers Society, 1979), 12."},{"key":"fn48","unstructured":"Gahagan,Yes Father, 94."},{"key":"fn49","unstructured":"Stewart,These Were Our Yesterdays, 147."},{"key":"fn50","unstructured":"Lily G. Sather, \u201cLaundry, the Hard Way\u2026,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 210\u201311, 210; Gahagan,Yes Father, 130."},{"key":"fn51","unstructured":"\u201cHealth Services,\u201d inFrom Spruce Trees to Wheatfields: Plamondon 1908\u20131988(Plamondon, AB: Plamondon History Book Society, 1988), 243\u201345, 244."},{"key":"fn52","unstructured":"For example, see Mildred Aley, \u201cThe Herbert Aley Story,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 244\u201345, 244; Jean Rycroft, \u201cHarry Bihun,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 259\u201362, 260; Catherine Bohnke, \u201cMetz, Leonard,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 445\u201346, 445; \u201cMedical Means,\u201d inBurnt Embers: A History of Woking and District in the Burnt River Valley(Woking, AB: Woking and Area Historical Society, 1985), 58\u201360, 59\u201360; \u201cWilliam Goodkey,\u201d 158."},{"key":"fn53","unstructured":"Lillian (Kirkness) Herchak, \u201cHenry Kirkness,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 17\u201319, 18."},{"key":"fn54","unstructured":"Ada Bennett, \u201cHarold Bennett,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 252\u201355, 254."},{"key":"fn55","unstructured":"Lillian Hawthorne, \u201cThe Neal Hawthorne Family,\u201d inOur Bend in the Peace, 154\u201357, 154\u201355; Mrs. Cecil Platz, \u201cOscar and Natalia Larsson Story,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 19\u201324, 19; \u201cWilliam and Betty Bunney,\u201d inTrail Blazers, 63\u201369, 63."},{"key":"fn56","unstructured":"Edith Hislop, \u201cLee, Samuel Porter,\u201d in Tansem,Grooming the Grizzly, 385\u201388, 387."},{"key":"fn57","unstructured":"Stewart,These Were Our Yesterdays, 17."},{"key":"fn58","unstructured":"For example, see Bertha Platz (nee Larsson), \u201cCecil and Bertha Platz Story,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 416\u201319, 417; Hislop, \u201cLee, Samuel Porter,\u201d 387; Hawthorne, \u201cThe Neal Hawthorne Family,\u201d 154\u201356."},{"key":"fn59","unstructured":"\u201cDear Friend,\u201d information on new abortion program ca. 1971\u201375, in \u201cHistory 1971\u20131975,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-185."},{"key":"fn60","unstructured":"\u201cDescription of CBCA Birth Control Education,\u201d 1."},{"key":"fn61","unstructured":"CBCA progress report, 1 June 1972, in \u201cHistory 1971\u20131975,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-185, 40."},{"key":"fn62","unstructured":"LIP grant report, in \u201cEducational Outreach: Local Initiatives Project, 1973,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-111, 3."},{"key":"fn63","unstructured":"\u201cPeer Education Community Outreach,\u201d in \u201cEducational Outreach 1978,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-101, 2."},{"key":"fn64","unstructured":"\u201cFrancis,\u201d interview with Karissa Patton, 24 March 2012, transcript."},{"key":"fn65","unstructured":"Lux,Separate Beds; McCallum and Perry,Structures of Indifference."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn66.1","unstructured":"Mary-Ellen Kelm, Colonizing Bodies: Aboriginal Health and Healing in British Colombia, 1900-50 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn66.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristin Burnett, Taking Medicine: Women's Healing Work and Colonial Contact in Southern Alberta, 1880-1930 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010).","DOI":"10.59962\/9780774818308"},{"key":"fn67","unstructured":"Bright, \u201c1919,\u201d 419."},{"key":"fn68","unstructured":"Kate Brighty to Glenbow librarian, GA, M-4872-19."},{"key":"fn69","unstructured":"Handwritten memoir titledWabasca, GA, M-4745-8, 2."},{"key":"fn70","unstructured":"Mary Willis to Joy Duncan, 16 September 1975, GA, M-4745-60, 29."},{"key":"fn71","unstructured":"Lux,Medicine That Walks; Burnett,Taking Medicine."},{"key":"fn72","unstructured":"Wilson,No Man Stands Alone, 24."},{"key":"fn73","unstructured":"Kate Brighty Colley,While Rivers Flow: Stories of Early Alberta(Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1970), 36\u201337. Burnett, inTaking Medicine, explains that Indigenous women\u2019s expertise in medicine, healing, and midwifery contributed to the prevalence of midwifery on the prairies much later than in other areas of Canada: Burnett,Taking Medicine."},{"key":"fn74","unstructured":"For example, see \u201cCarl and Marion Bohning,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 177\u201382, 178; \u201cNorman Parker,\u201d inPackhorse to Pavement, 412\u201313, 412."},{"key":"fn75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricia Jasen, \u201cRace, Culture, and the Colonization of Childbirth in Northern Canada,\u201dSocial History of Medicine10 (1997): 383\u2013400, 383.","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/10.3.383"},{"key":"fn76","unstructured":"Bow and Cook, \u201cDepartment of Public Health,\u201d 12."},{"key":"fn77","unstructured":"Letter from Martha Weir to Leslie Bella, 21 November 1974, GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-164."},{"key":"fn78","unstructured":"Mary Jane Logan McCallum, \u201cAn Early Labour History of Community Health Representatives, 1960\u20131970\u201d and \u201cGaining Recognition: Labour as Activism among Indigenous Nurses,\u201d chaps. 3 and 4 inIndigenous Women, Work, and History, 1940\u20131980(Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2014)."},{"key":"fn79","unstructured":"Notes from Jean, 15 December 1972, in \u201cBoard Information Package 1977\u20131978,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-39."},{"key":"fn80","unstructured":"Notes from Jean, 15 December 1972."},{"key":"fn81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letter from Weir to Bella, 21 November 1974.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03719.x"},{"key":"fn82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letter from Weir to Bella, 21 November 1974.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03719.x"},{"key":"fn83","unstructured":"Family Planning Federation of Canada, \u201cSummary of Local Initiatives Projects in Family Planning: Winter 1971\u20131972,\u201d in \u201cHistory 1971\u20131975,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-185."},{"key":"fn84","unstructured":"CBCA LIP progress report, 10 April 1972, in \u201cHistory 1971\u20131975,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-185."},{"key":"fn85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarah A. Nickel, \u201c\u2018I\u2019m Not a Women\u2019s Libber Although Sometimes I Sound Like One\u2019: Indigenous Feminism and Politicized Motherhood,\u201dAmerican Indian Quarterly41 (2017): 299\u2013335; Sarah A. Nickel,Assembling Unity: Indigenous Politics, Gender, and the Union of BC Indian Chiefs(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2018).","DOI":"10.5250\/amerindiquar.41.4.0299"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn86.1","unstructured":"\"Report of the First Alberta Native Women's Conference, March 12-15, 1968,\" in \"VANWS Conferences, 1968-1971,\" University of Ottawa Women's Movement Archives, Ottawa, Ontario [WMA], 10-00156-137, 28-29, 32"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn86.2","unstructured":"transcript of the keynote address by Mrs. Nellie Tailfeathers, Blood Reserve, Alberta, on \"Treaty Women and Health,\" in \"VANWS Report of the Second Annual Conference, March 3-6, 1969,\" in \"VANWS Conferences, 1968-1971,\" WMA, 10-00156-137, 20-24."},{"key":"fn87","unstructured":"Letter from Weir to Bella, 21 November 1974; \u201cPeer Education Community Outreach,\u201d 1; Correspondence between CBCA and National Health and Welfare, 21 November 1974, in \u201cFunding Source Health and Welfare,\u201d GA, CBCA Collection, M-7265-164."},{"key":"fn88","unstructured":"Terri Forbis, interview with Karissa Patton, 24 January 2013, transcript, in \u201cOral History Project: Students\u2019 Reproductive Rights Activism in Southern Alberta during the 1960s and 1970s,\u201d GMA, 20171019. The CBCA, which did not rely as heavily on municipal and provincial funding, remained open. See \u201cAbout Us,\u201d Centre for Sexuality, accessed 22 May 2020, https:\/\/www.centreforsexuality.ca\/about-us\/."},{"key":"fn89","unstructured":"Margaret Atwood,The Handmaid\u2019s Tale(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1986)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn90.1","unstructured":"Avery Zingel, \"Indigenous Women Come Forward with Accounts of Orced Sterilization, Says Lawyer,\" CBC News, 18 April 2019, https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/north\/forced-sterilization-lawsuit-could-expand-1.5102981"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn90.2","unstructured":"Kristy Kirkup, \"'Deeply Disturbed': Health Committee Calls on Feds to Investigate Forced Sterilization,\" Global News, updated 7 August 2019, https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/5733717\/forced-sterilization-indigenous-women-canada\/."},{"key":"fn91","unstructured":"Robin Marty\u2019sHandbook for a Post-Roe Americahas been a popular choice: Robin Marty,Handbook for a Post-Roe America(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2019)."}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.385-082019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T09:24:30Z","timestamp":1723454670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.385-082019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.385-082019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.385-082019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0823-2105"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2371-0179"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}}}